Volume 15, Issue 3 (12-2021)
2021, 15(3): 69-87 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Saffarzadeh A, Rahiminezhad A, Bahrami Ehsan H, Noferesti A, Shahmansouri N. Afterlife Fears, Developing scale, validation, Culture. Journal title 2021; 15 (3) : 5
URL: http://rph.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4130-en.html
URL: http://rph.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4130-en.html
Azadeh Saffarzadeh1 
, Abbas Rahiminezhad 2, Hadi Bahrami Ehsan3 , Azam Noferesti4 , Nazila Shahmansouri5
, Abbas Rahiminezhad 2, Hadi Bahrami Ehsan3 , Azam Noferesti4 , Nazila Shahmansouri5
1- PhD candidate of Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran.
2- Associate Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran. ,arahimi@ut.ac.ir
3- Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran
4- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran.
5- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran.
2- Associate Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran. ,
3- Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran
4- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran.
5- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran.
Abstract: (3195 Views)
| Fear of death is a global and cultural issue. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a scale for afterlife fears in the Iranian sample. This study was an exploratory sequential mixed method design. The Qualitative phase included semi-structured interviews with 12 acute cardiac patients. The content of patients answers about afterlife fears rearranged as 14 items for quantitative phase. At the quantitative phase, 313 subjects (230 women and 83 men) were selected from Tehran city and carried out the questionnaires online. For studying construct validity of Afterlife Fear Scale, the responses of normal sample analyzed by exploratory factor analysis method. For assessing the concurrent validity of new Afterlife Fears Scale, its correlation with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, 1996) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES, 1965) were calculated. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, principal component extraction method and parallel analysis. Three factors were extracted which were named as "fear of punishment and grave torment", "loneliness and abandonment" and "longing and confidence in God", respectively. The internal consistency method was used to determine the reliability of the scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the subscales ranged from .63 to .88, which indicated the appropriate internal consistency of the scale and its components. The Afterlife Fears Scale has good reliability and validity in the Iranian Muslim sample and can be used to identify the underpinning fears of cardiovascular patients and anxiety reduction interventions, as well as cross-cultural comparisons. |
Article number: 5
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2021/12/20 | Accepted: 2022/05/15 | Published: 2022/05/18
Received: 2021/12/20 | Accepted: 2022/05/15 | Published: 2022/05/18
References
1. Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (1998). The structure and measurement of death obsession. Personality and individual differences, 24(2), 159-165. Georgiadou, T., & Pnevmatikos, D. (2019). An exploration of afterlife beliefs in religiously-and secularly-oriented adults. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 40(2), 159-171. [DOI:10.1080/13617672.2019.1583921]
2. Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2002). Why do we fear death? The construction and validation of the reasons for death fear scale. Death studies, 26(8), 669-680. [DOI:10.1080/07481180290088365]
3. Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2004). The Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety (ASDA): Its development, validation, and results in three Arab countries. Death studies, 28(5), 435-457. [DOI:10.1080/07481180490437572]
4. Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Lester, D. (2009). Death anxiety as related to somatic symptoms in two cultures. Psychological reports, 105(2), 409-410. [DOI:10.2466/PR0.105.2.409-410]
5. Abdel-Khalek, A. M., Al-Arja, N. S., & Abdalla, T. (2006). Death Obsession in Palestinians. Death studies. 30(3), 203-215. [DOI:10.1080/07481180500493302]
6. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. In: San Antonio. TX: Psychological Corporation. [DOI:10.1037/t00742-000]
7. Boduszek, D., Hyland, P., Dhingra, K., & Mallett, J. (2013). The factor structure and composite reliability of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale among ex-prisoners. Personality and individual differences, 55(8), 877-881. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.014]
8. Burris, C. T., & Bailey, K. (2009). What lies beyond: Theory and measurement of afterdeath beliefs. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(3), 173-186.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610902879982 [DOI:https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/10508610902879982]
9. Cai, W., Tang, Y. L., Wu, S., & Li, H. (2017). Scale of death anxiety (SDA): Development and validation. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 858.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00858 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00858]
10. Christopherson, B., & Beischel, J. (2018). Assessing afterlife beliefs in psychotherapy. Threshold: Journal of Interdisciplinary Consciousness Studies, 2(1), 50-74. Retrieved from http://tjics.org/index.php/TJICS/article/view/29
11. Cohen, A. B., Pierce Jr, J. D., Chambers, J., Meade, R., Gorvine, B. J., & Koenig, H. G. (2005). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, belief in the afterlife, death anxiety, and life satisfaction in young Catholics and Protestants. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(3), 307-324. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.02.005]
12. Collett, L., & Lester, D. (1996). The fear of death and dying. J Psychol, 72, 79-181.
13. Creswell John, W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design choosing Among Five Approaches (3rd Edi).
14. Dabson, K. S., & MOHAMMAD, K. P. (2007). Psychometric characteristics of Beck depression inventory-II in patients with major depressive disorder.
15. Eshbaugh, E., & Henninger, W. (2013). Potential Mediators of the Relationship Between Gender and Death Anxiety. Individual Differences Research, 11(1).
16. Fakuori, E., Pilehvarzadeh, M., Shamsi, A., & Ghaderi, M. (2015). The relationship between religious beliefs and self-esteem in students.
17. Flannelly, K. J., Koenig, H. G., Ellison, C. G., Galek, K., & Krause, N. (2006). Belief in life after death and mental health: Findings from a national survey. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 194(7), 524-529. [DOI:10.1097/01.nmd.0000224876.63035.23]
18. Florian, V., & Kravetz, S. (1983). Fear of personal death: Attribution, structure, and relation to religious belief. Journal of personality and social psychology, 44(3), 600. 607. http://Doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.3.600 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.44.3.600]
19. Gábová, K., Maliňáková, K., & Tavel, P. (2021). Associations of self-esteem with different aspects of religiosity and spirituality. Československá psychologie, 65(1), 73-85. [DOI:10.51561/cspsych.65.1.73]
20. Ghayas, S., & Batool, S. S. (2017). Construction and validation of afterlife belief scale for Muslims. Journal of religion and health, 56(3), 861-875. [DOI:10.1007/s10943-016-0258-z]
21. Gholami Booreng, F., Mahram, B., Kareshki, H. (2017). Construction and Validation of a Scale of Research Anxiety for Students [Original Research]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 78-93. [DOI:10.18869/nirp.ijpcp.23.1.78]
22. Goeke-Morey, M. C., Taylor, L. K., Merrilees, C. E., Shirlow, P., & Cummings, E. M. (2014). Adolescents' relationship with God and internalizing adjustment over time: The moderating role of maternal religious coping. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(6), 749. [DOI:10.1037/a0037170]
23. Gonen, G., Kaymak, S. U., Cankurtaran, E. S., Karslioglu, E. H., Ozalp, E., & Soygur, H. (2012). The factors contributing to death anxiety in cancer patients. Journal of psychosocial oncology, 30(3), 347-358. [DOI:10.1080/07347332.2012.664260]
24. Greenway, A. P., Milne, L. C., & Clarke, V. (2003). Personality variables, self-esteem and depression and an individual's perception of God. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 6(1), 45-58. [DOI:10.1080/1867467021000029381]
25. Gregory, R. J. (2014). Psychological testing: History, principles. Pearson Education Limited.
26. Hintze, J., Templer, D. I., Cappelletty, G. G., & Frederick, W. (1993). Death depression and death anxiety in HIV-infected males. Death studies, 17(4), 333-341.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189308252629 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189308252629]
27. Hoelter, J. W. (1977). A multidimensional fear of death scale (Doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University).
28. Hossain, M. Z., & Rizvi, M. A. K. (2016). Relationship between religious belief and happiness in Oman: a statistical analysis. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(7), 781-790. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1280009
https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1280009 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1280009]
29. Hui, V. K. Y., & Coleman, P. G. (2013). Afterlife beliefs and ego integrity as two mediators of the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and personal death anxiety among older adult British Christians. Research on Aging, 35(2), 144-162. [DOI:10.1177/0164027512436429]
30. Huis, E. M., Vingerhoets, A. J., & Denollet, J. (2011). Attachment style and self-esteem: The mediating role of Type D personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1099-1103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.034 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.034]
31. Hyland, P., Boduszek, D., Dhingra, K., Shevlin, M., & Egan, A. (2014). A bifactor approach to modelling the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 66, 188-192. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.034]
32. Jong, J., Ross, R., Philip, T., Chang, S. H., Simons, N., & Halberstadt, J. (2018). The religious correlates of death anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 8(1), 4-20. [DOI:10.1080/2153599X.2016.1238844]
33. Kielkiewicz, K., Mathúna, C. Ó., & McLaughlin, C. (2020). Construct validity and dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale and its association with spiritual values within Irish population. Journal of religion and health, 59(1), 381-398. [DOI:10.1007/s10943-019-00821-x]
34. Koenig, H. G. (2009). Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 283-291. [DOI:10.1177/070674370905400502]
35. Koenig, H., McCullough, M. E., Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and medicine. In: New York, NY: Oxford University Press . [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001]
36. Lehto, R., & Stein, K. (2009). Death anxiety: an analysis of an evolving concept. [DOI:10.1891/1541-6577.23.1.23]
37. McKay, M. T., Boduszek, D., & Harvey, S. A. (2014). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: A bifactor answer to a two-factor question?. Journal of personality assessment, 96(6), 654-660.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2014.923436 [DOI:10.1080/00223 891.2014.92343 6]
38. Moreno, R. P., De La Fuente Solana, E. I., Rico, M. A., & Fernández, L. M. L. (2009). Death anxiety in institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly people in Spain. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 58(1), 61-76. [DOI:10.2190/OM.58.1.d]
39. Neimeyer, R. A., & Moore, M. K. (1994). Validity and reliability of the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale.
40. O'connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers, 32(3), 396-402. [DOI:10.3758/BF03200807]
41. Öngider, N., & Özışık Eyüboğlu, S. (2013). Investigation of death anxiety among depressive patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 16(1), 34-46.
42. Paine, D. R., & Sandage, S. J. (2017). Religious involvement and depression: The mediating effect of relational spirituality. Journal of religion and health, 56(1), 269-283. [DOI:10.1007/s10943-016-0282-z]
43. Papazisis, G., Nicolaou, P., Tsiga, E., Christoforou, T., Sapountzi‐Krepia D. (2014). Religious and spiritual beliefs, self‐esteem, anxiety, and depression among nursing students. Nursing & health sciences, 16(2), 232-238. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12093
https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12093 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12093]
44. Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative Research And Evaluation Methods 2002. http://lst-iiep.iiep-unesco.org/cgibin/wwwi32.exe/[in=epidoc1.in]/?t2000=018602/(100), 3
45. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: an extension of terror management theory. Psychological review, 106(4), 835. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835]
46. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychol Bull, 130(3), 435-468. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.435]
47. Rahmatinejad, P., Yazdi, M., Khosravi, Z., & Shahisadrabadi, F. (2020). Lived experience of patients with coronavirus (Covid-19): a phenomenological study. J Res Psycholo Health, 14(1), 71-86.
48. Rajabi, G. H., & Bohlel, N. (2008). The reliability and validity of Rosenberg self-esteem scale in freshman students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. J Educ Psychol Res, 8(2), 33-48
49. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package, 61(52), 18. [DOI:10.1037/t01038-000]
50. Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(4), 681. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681]
51. Routledge, C. (2012). Failure causes fear: the effect of self-esteem threat on death-anxiety. The Journal of social psychology, 152(6), 665-669. [DOI:10.1080/00224545.2012.691915]
52. Sakellari, E., Psychogiou, M., Georgiou, A., Papanidi, M., Vlachou, V., & Sapountzi-Krepia, D. (2018). Exploring Religiosity, self-esteem, stress, and depression among students of a Cypriot University. Journal of religion and health, 57(1), 136-145. [DOI:10.1007/s10943-017-0410-4]
53. Sandage, S. J., & Jankowski, P. J. (2010). Forgiveness, spiritual instability, mental health symptoms, and well-being: Mediator effects of differentiation of self. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2(3), 168.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019124 [DOI:https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0019124]
54. Schmeichel, B. J., Gailliot, M. T., Filardo, E. A., McGregor, I., Gitter, S., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009). Terror management theory and self-esteem revisited: the roles of implicit and explicit self-esteem in mortality salience effects. Journal of personality and social psychology, 96(5), 1077.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015091 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015091]
55. Sharratt, K., Boduszek, D., Jones, A., & Gallagher, B. (2014). Construct validity, dimensionality and factorial invariance of the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale: A bifactor modelling approach among children of prisoners. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 2(4), 228-236. 236. [DOI:10.5114/cipp.2014.47447]
56. Sherman, D. W., Norman, R., & McSherry, C. B. (2010). A comparison of death anxiety and quality of life of patients with advanced cancer or AIDS and their family caregivers. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 21(2), 99-112. [DOI:10.1016/j.jana.2009.07.007]
57. Smith, E. I., & Crosby III, R. G. (2017). Unpacking religious affiliation: Exploring associations between Christian children's religious cultural context, God image, and self‐esteem across development. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 76-90. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12156
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12156 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12156]
58. Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll, J. (2003). Religiousness and depression: evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events. Psychological bulletin, 129(4), 614. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614]
59. Soleimani, M. A., Lehto, R. H., Negarandeh, R., Bahrami, N., & Nia, H. S. (2016). Relationships between death anxiety and quality of life in Iranian patients with cancer. Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing, 3(2), 183. [DOI:10.4103/2347-5625.182935]
60. Spilka, B., Minton, B., Sizemore, D., & Stout, L. (1977). Death and personal faith: A psychometric investigation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 169-178. [DOI:10.2307/1385748]
61. Strachan, E., Schimel, J., Arndt, J., Williams, T., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2007). Terror mismanagement: Evidence that mortality salience exacerbates phobic and compulsive behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(8), 1137-1151. [DOI:10.1177/0146167207303018]
62. Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of general psychology, 82(2), 165-177. McMordie, W. R. (1979). Improving measurement of death anxiety. Psychological Reports, 44(3), 975-980. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.1979.44.3.975]
63. Vermetten, E., Charney, D. S., Bremner, J. D. (2002). Anxiety. in Encyclopedia of the Human Brain, ed. V. S. Ramachandran (New York, NY: Academic Press); p. 159-180. [DOI:10.1016/B0-12-227210-2/00028-5]
64. Wittkowski, J. (2001). The construction of the multidimensional orientation toward dying and death inventory (MODDI-F). Death Studies, 25(6), 479-495. [DOI:10.1080/07481180126858]
65. Wong, P. T., Reker, G. T., & Gesser, G. (1994). Death Attitude Profile-Revised: A multidimensional measure of attitudes toward death. Death anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application, 121, 121-148. [DOI:10.1037/t17237-000]
66. Wu, C. H. (2009). The relationship between attachment style and self-concept clarity: The mediation effect of self-esteem. Personality and individual differences, 47(1), 42-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.043 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.043]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
