الگوی ساختاری توجه به هیجان با نگرانی و استرس با نقش میانجی عواطف منفی

نویسندگان
دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی الگوی ساختاری توجه به هیجانات (ارادی و غیر ارادی) با نگرانی و استرس با نقش میانجی عواطف منفی انجام شد. روش پژوهش حاضر مدل­سازی معادلات ساختاری بود و جامعۀ پژوهش حاضر تمام دانشجویان دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز بودند. نمونه به روش تصادفی ساده انتخاب شد و در نهایت داده ­های به دست آمده از 312 نفر مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. ابزارهای پژوهش حاضر از نوع خودگزارشی و شامل پرسشنامه­ های توجه به هیجانات پالمیری و همکاران (2009) ، نگرانی پنسیلوانیا مایر و همکاران (1995)، پرسشنامۀ خلاقیت هیجانی آوریل و توماس-نولز (1991)، مقیاس افسردگی، اضطراب و استرس لاویبند و لاویبند (1995) و همچنین مقیاس عواطف مثبت و منفی واتسون و همکاران (1988) بودند. در نهایت، داده ­های حاصل با استفاده از معادلات ساختاری و روش بوت ­استرپ نرم­افزار­های SPSS و AMOS نسخۀ 24 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. پس از تحلیل مشاهده شد که مدل از برازش مناسب برخوردار است و یافته­ های نشان داد که توجه غیر ارادی به هیجانات به صورت مستقیم با عواطف منفی، نگرانی و استرس در ارتباط است اما توجه ارادی به هیجانات تنها با عواطف منفی رابطۀ مستقیم دارد و رابطۀ آن با نگرانی و استرس به صورت غیر مستقیم و از طریق عواطف منفی است. عواطف منفی برای رابطۀ هردو نوع توجه به هیجانات با نگرانی و استرس نقش میانجی را ایفا می­کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

The structure modelling of attention to emotions with Worry and Stress: mediating role of positive affect

نویسندگان English

Hesam Soleimani
Amin Rahmati
Asem Esmaeili
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
چکیده English

The present study was conducted by the structural modelling of attention to emotions (voluntary and involuntary) with worry and stress among students of Shahid Chamran university of Ahvaz with the mediating role of negative affect. The method of the present research was structural equation modeling and the population included all students of Shahid Chamran university of Ahvaz in year 1402-03, of which 312 were selected as a sample by simple random sampling. Structural equation modeling method, bootstrap test, SPSS, and AMOS version 24 software were used for data analysis. After the analysis, it was observed that the model has a good fit and the findings showed that involuntary attention to emotions is directly related to negative affect, worry and stress. But voluntary attention to emotions only has a direct relationship with negative emotions, and its relationship with worry and stress is indirect and through negative affect. Negative affect played a mediating role for the relationship between both types of attention to emotions with worry and stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

worry
stress
Voluntary attention to emotions
Involuntary attention to emotions
Negative Affect
Aghili, M., Zarif, M., & Babaee, E. (2023). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological symptoms, quality of life, and stress in patients with physical symptoms disorder. Research in Psychological Health, 17(2), 31–45. [persian] http://rph.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4371-fa.html
Averill, J. R., & Thomas-Knowles, C. (1991). Emotional creativity. In KT Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion.
Bardeen, J. R. (2015). Short-term pain for long-term gain: The role of experiential avoidance in the relation between anxiety sensitivity and emotional distress. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 30, 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.013
Benfer, N., Bardeen, J. R., & Fergus, T. A. (2017). The interactive effect of attention to emotions and emotional distress intolerance on anxiety and depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(2), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.31.2.91
Boden, M. T., & Thompson, R. J. (2015). Facets of emotional awareness and associations with emotion regulation and depression. Emotion, 15(3), 399. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000057
Boden, M. T., & Thompson, R. J. (2017). Meta-analysis of the association between emotional clarity and attention to emotions. Emotion Review, 9(1), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915610640
Brown, T. A. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Multiple factors or method effects? Behaviour research and therapy, 41(12), 1411-1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00059-7
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2012). Fear of emotions, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty in worry and generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.1
Can, Y. S., Arnrich, B., & Ersoy, C. (2019). Stress detection in daily life scenarios using smart phones and wearable sensors: A survey. Journal of biomedical informatics, 92, 103139.
Cho, S., Lee, H., Oh, K. J., & Soto, J. A. (2017). Mindful attention predicts greater recovery from negative emotions, but not reduced reactivity. Cognition and Emotion, 31(6), 1252-1259. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1199422
Deheshiri, G., Golzari, M., Borjali, A., & Sohrabi, F. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire in students. Clinical Psychology, 1(4), 67-75. [Persian] doi: 10.22075/jcp.2017.1988
Deroost, N., & Cserjési, R. (2018). Attentional avoidance of emotional information in emotional eating. Psychiatry research, 269, 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.053
Donovan, C. L., Holmes, M. C., Farrell, L. J., & Hearn, C. S. (2017). Thinking about worry: Investigation of the cognitive components of worry in children. Journal of affective disorders, 208, 230-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.061
Eckland, N. S., Sperry, S. H., Castro, A. A., & Berenbaum, H. (2022). Intensity, frequency, and differentiation of discrete emotion categories in daily life and their associations with depression, worry, and rumination. Emotion, 22(2), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001038
Eddy, C. M., & Hansen, P. C. (2021). Alexithymia is a key mediator of the relationship between magical thinking and empathy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 719961. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.719961
Fatehi Khoshknabk, L., Mahmoodalilo, M., Asgharzadeh, A., Panahali, A., & Rezaei, A. (2025). Comparison of recognition and memory confidence in individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder (washer, checker) and generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Journal, 12(4), 1–10. [persian] 20.1001.1.23455780.1403.12.4.1.0
Frederickson, J. J., Messina, I., & Grecucci, A. (2018). Dysregulated anxiety and dysregulating defenses: Toward an emotion regulation informed dynamic psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2054. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02054
Graham, C., & Ruiz Pozuelo, J. (2017). Happiness, stress, and age: How the U curve varies across people and places. Journal of Population Economics, 30, 225-264.
Grusnick, J. M., Garacci, E., Eiler, C., Williams, J. S., & Egede, L. E. (2020). The association between adverse childhood experiences and personality, emotions and affect: Does number and type of experiences matter? Journal of research in personality, 85, 103908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103908
Hengartner, M. P., van der Linden, D., Bohleber, L., & von Wyl, A. (2017). Big five personality traits and the general factor of personality as moderators of stress and coping reactions following an emergency alarm on a Swiss University Campus. Stress and Health, 33(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2671
Hoemann, K., Nielson, C., Yuen, A., Gurera, J. W., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2021). Expertise in emotion: A scoping review and unifying framework for individual differences in the mental representation of emotional experience. Psychological Bulletin, 147(11), 1159. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000327
https://doi.org/10.22059/japr.2025.383676.645036
Huang, S., Berenbaum, H., & Chow, P. I. (2013). Distinguishing voluntary from involuntary attention to emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(8), 894-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.025
Inman, C. S., Bijanki, K. R., Bass, D. I., Gross, R. E., Hamann, S., & Willie, J. T. (2020). Human amygdala stimulation effects on emotion physiology and emotional experience. Neuropsychologia, 145, 106722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.019
Javanmard, Z., & Hamvatan, T. (2023). The relationship between attitude towards delinquency and perceived stress, attachment styles, and cognitive functions of Tehran Azad University students. Clinical Psychology Journal, 11(3), 1–15. [persian] http://jcp.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3778-fa.html
Jenness, J. L., Lambert, H. K., Bitrán, D., Blossom, J. B., Nook, E. C., Sasse, S. F., ... & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021). Developmental variation in the associations of attention bias to emotion with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 49, 711-726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00751-3
Kraines, M. A., Kelberer, L. J., Marks, C. P. K., & Wells, T. T. (2021). Trait mindfulness and attention to emotional information: An eye tracking study. Consciousness and cognition, 95, 103213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2021.103213
Lee, J. K., Orsillo, S. M., Roemer, L., & Allen, L. B. (2010). Distress and avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: Exploring the relationships with intolerance of uncertainty and worry. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 39(2), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070902966918
Lewis, E. J., Yoon, K. L., & Joormann, J. (2018). Emotion regulation and biological stress responding: associations with worry, rumination, and reappraisal. Cognition and Emotion, 32(7), 1487-1498. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1310088
Livingstone, K. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2018). The roles of age and attention in general emotion regulation, reappraisal, and expressive suppression. Psychology and Aging, 33(3), 373. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000240
Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2014). Rethinking the role of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence supporting a model of emotional contrast avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 45(3), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2013.12.011
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
Macatee, R. J., Albanese, B. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2017). Attention bias towards negative emotional information and its relationship with daily worry in the context of acute stress: An eye-tracking study. Behaviour research and therapy, 90, 96-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.013
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour research and therapy, 28(6), 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
Morris, L. W., Davis, M. A., & Hutchings, C. H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry–emotionality scale. Journal of Educational psychology, 73(4), 541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.73.4.541
Mrkva, K., Westfall, J., & Van Boven, L. (2019). Attention drives emotion: Voluntary visual attention increases perceived emotional intensity. Psychological science, 30(6), 942-954.
Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008
Nikan, A., Torabi, A., Mohseninasab, Z., Bahadori, A., Javanmard, Z., & Hosinirad, M. (2023). Comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on stress, resilience, emotion regulation, and psychological well-being of cardiovascular patients. Research in Psychological Health, 17(1), 46–60. [persian] http://rph.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4370-fa.html
Palmieri, P. A., Boden, M. T., & Berenbaum, H. (2009). Measuring clarity of and attention to emotions. Journal of personality assessment, 91(6), 560-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890903228539
Pascal, S. A. (2021). The role of emotions in the development of anxiety symptoms: an educational perspective related to the covid-19 pandemic. In The International Scientific Conference eLearning and Software for Education (Vol. 1, pp. 239-246). " Carol I" National Defence University. https://doi.org/10.12753/2066-026X-21-032
Pazooki, M., Jafarpoor, E., Hajati, Z., & Malakmohammadi, S. (2025). The mediating role of cognitive self-efficacy in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and psychological vitality among individuals with major anxiety. Clinical Psychology Journal, 12(4), 11–23. [persian] 20.1001.1.23455780.1403.12.4.2.1
Priya, A., Garg, S., & Tigga, N. P. (2020). Predicting anxiety, depression and stress in modern life using machine learning algorithms. Procedia Computer Science, 167, 1258-1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.442
Rahmati, A., Omidian, M., & Khorshidian Mianayi, E. (2022). Psychometric characteristics of the Emotion Attention Scale in the Iranian adult population. Journal of New Psychological Research, 17(67), 117-125. [Persian] doi:10.22034/jmpr.2022.15295
Ripper, C. A., Boyes, M. E., Clarke, P. J., & Hasking, P. A. (2018). Emotional reactivity, intensity, and perseveration: Independent dimensions of trait affect and associations with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.032
Sadri Damirchi, I., Honarmand Qujehbaglu, P., & Amir, S. M. B. (2020). Suicidal thoughts in widowed elderly: The role of cognitive distortions, positive and negative affect, perceived social support, and meaning in life. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(4), 347-359. [Persian] doi:10.22126/jap.2020.4894.1389
Sahabi, A., Asghari, M., & Salari, R. (2005). Validation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) for the Iranian population. Developmental Psychology. Iranian Psychologists, 1(4), 36-54. [Persian]
Schäfer, J. Ö., Naumann, E., Holmes, E. A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Samson, A. C. (2017). Emotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of youth and adolescence, 46, 261-276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0
Schnittker, J. S. (2022). Anxiety: Fear and worry in the modern mind. In Emotions in Culture and Everyday Life (pp. 133-149). Routledge.
Shuda, Q., Bougoulias, M. E., & Kass, R. (2020). Effect of nature exposure on perceived and physiologic stress: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 53, 102514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102514
Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of personality and social psychology, 113(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
Thompson, R. J., & Boden, M. T. (2019). State emotional clarity and attention to emotion: a naturalistic examination of their associations with each other, affect, and context. Cognition and emotion, 33(7), 1514-1522. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1572597
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063
Zahrakar, K., Sharei, A., & Salmani, A. (2025). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy on State-Trait Anxiety and Resilience in female Students with Self-Harming Behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychological Research.
Zheng, H., Ma, W., Li, J., & Botero, J. (2023). Relationship between internet use and negative affect. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 18(4), 1693-1713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10158-z