Psychometric Properties of Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults in Female Adolescents

Authors
Payame Noor university
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure, reliability and validity of Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire in adolescent girls. Using multistage cluster sampling method, 400 female students aged 16-18 years old in Isfahan Secondary School were selected as the sample. Data were collected using Mental Health Questionnaire (Najjarian & Davoodi, 2001), Sexual Identity Questionnaire (Akefi, 2012) and Sexual Discontent and Sexual Identity Scale (Deogracias, 2007). Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and concurrent validity were used for data analysis. Reliability of test-retest and internal consistency were 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. The factor structure of gender dissatisfaction and gender identity scale was investigated using both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The results of exploratory factor analysis with principal component analysis and varimax rotation indicated that there were four factors in this scale that explained 63.44% of the total variance and the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed four factor model of There is a good fit. Correlation coefficients indicated that concurrent validity of gender dissatisfaction and gender identity scale with other instruments was desirable. The 27-item scale of gender identity/gender dysphoria has good validity.
Keywords

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. BMC Med. 2013; 17: 133-7.
2. Ganji M. Psychopathology according to DSM-5, Tehran, Savalan Publication, 2014. [Persian].
3. Danafar A, Jahanbakhsh I, Behyan S. Gender Identity Disorder and Its Social Consequences among Transsexuals Referred to the Social Welfare Organization in 2013-2015. IAU International Journal of Social Sciences, 2017; 7(4): 27-35. [Persian].
4. Lopez X, Stewart S, Jacobson-Dickman E. Approach to children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. Pediatr Rev. 2016; 37(3): 89-98.
5. Rahimi Ahmadabadi S, Kalantari M, Abedi M, Modares Gharavi S. The role of parent-child relationship, attachment styles, and family performance in the formation of gender dysphoria. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2017; 20(1): 63-74. [Persian]
6. Krege S. Disorders of sexual development and identity in childhood.Urologe A. 2012; (51): 62.
7. Schrock DP, Boyd EM, Leaf M. Emotion work in the public performances of male-to-female transsexuals. Arch Sex Behav. 2009; 38(5): 702-712.
8. Grossman AH, D'augelli AR. Transgender youth: Invisible and vulnerable. J. Homosex. 2006; 51(1): 111-128.
9. Settineri S, Merlo EM, Bruno A, Mento C. Personality Assessment in Gender Dysphoria: clinical observation in psychopathological evidence. Mediterr J Clin Psychol. 2016; 4(3).
10. Ghazanfari F, Khodarahimi S. Gender Dysphoria Disorder: Diagnosis, Theory and Intervention. frooyesh. 2018; 6(4):9-28. [Persian].
11. Feldman J, Bockting W. Transgender health. Minn Med. 2003; 86(7): 25-32.
12. Association Psychological Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed. Washington DC: APA. 1994; 980.
13. Bem SL. The measurement of psychological androgyny. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1974; 42(2): 155.
14. Schertzer SM, Laufer D, Silvera DH, Brad McBride J. A cross-cultural validation of a gender role identity scale in marketing. Int Mark Rev. 2008; 25(3): 312-323.
15. Bennion LD, Adams GR. A revision of the extended version of the objective measure of ego identity status: An identity instrument for use with late adolescents. J Adolesc Res. 1986; 1(2): 183-197.
16. Deogracias JJ, Johnson LL, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Kessler SJ, Schober JM, Zucker KJ. The gender identity/gender dysphoria questionnaire for adolescents and adults. J Sex Res. 2007; 44(4): 370-379.
17. Ristori J, Fisher AD, Castellini G, Sensi C, Cipriani A, Ricca V, Maggi M. Gender Dysphoria and Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms in Two Adolescents. Arch Sex Behav. 2019: 1-7.
18. Castellini G, Rellini AH, Appignanesi C, Pinucci I, Fattorini M, Grano E, Ricca V. Deviance or Normalcy? The Relationship Among Paraphilic Thoughts and Behaviors, Hypersexuality, and Psychopathology in a Sample of University Students. J Sex Med. 2018; 15(9): 1322-1335.
19. Fisher AD, Castellini G, Ristori J, Casale H, Giovanardi G, Carone N, Ricca V. Who has the worst attitudes toward sexual minorities? Comparison of transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, the general population and health care providers. J Endocrinol Investig. 2017; 40(3): 263-273.
20. Badaghi N, Farokhi N, Asadzadeh H. Preparation and Standardization of Teenagers’ Gender Identity Questionnaire: A Case Study of 15-18 Year-Old Teenagers of Tehran. Quarterly of Educational Measurement. 2012; 2(8): 85-108. [Persian].
21. Akefi, A. Designing of questionair of Gender Identity disorder. [PHD Dissertation]. Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch. 2012. [Persian].
22. Aliakbari M, Mohtashmi T, Hasanzadeh P. The study of psychometric characteristics in short form Bem`s Sex-Role Inventory with emphasis on factor analysis in Iranian population. Social Cognition. 2013; 1(1): 44-58. [Persian].
23. Leathem JM, Babbage DR. Affective disorders after traumatic brain injury: cautions in the use of the Symptom Checklist-90-R. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2000; 1;15(6):1246-55.
24. Najarian B, Davoodi I. Construction and validation of a short form of the SCL-90-r (SCL-25). Journal of Psychology. 2001; 2 (18): 136 149. [Persian].
25. Sepehrian Azar F, Saadatmand S. The Effect of Life Skills Training and Group counseling via Emotional-Behavioral-Rational Therapy on Academic Self-Concept, Achievement Motivation and Mental Health of Underachievers. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2017; 16(1): 66-77. [Persian].
26. Javaherian F, Koochakian Z. Gender Identity Disorders and its Social Aspects: The Case Study on Trans sexuality in Iran. Social Welfare. 2006; 5 (21): 265-292. [Persian].
27. Di Ceglie D. Gender identity disorder in young people. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2000; 6 (6): 458-466.