1. Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. The Psychiatric clinics of North America. 2009;32(3):483-524.
2. Bufferd SJ, Dougherty LR, Carlson GA, Klein DN. Parent-reported mental health in preschoolers: findings using a diagnostic interview. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2011;52(4):359-69.
3. Costello EJ, Egger HL, Angold A. The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders: phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 2005;14(4):631-48, vii.
4. Franz L, Angold A, Copeland W, Costello EJ, Towe-Goodman N, Egger H. Preschool anxiety disorders in pediatric primary care: prevalence and comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2013;52(12):1294-303 e1.
5. Whalen DJ, Sylvester CM, Luby JL. Depression and Anxiety in Preschoolers: A Review of the Past 7 Years. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 2017;26(3):503-22.
6. Wichstrom L, Berg-Nielsen TS, Angold A, Egger HL, Solheim E, Sveen TH. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. JCPP, and allied disciplines. 2012;53(6):695-705.
7. Bufferd SJ, Dougherty LR, Carlson GA, Rose S, Klein DN. Psychiatric disorders in preschoolers: continuity from ages 3 to 6. The American journal of psychiatry. 2012;169(11):1157-64.
8. Bufferd SJ, Dougherty LR, Olino TM, Dyson MW, Carlson GA, Klein DN. Temperament Distinguishes Persistent/Recurrent from Remitting Anxiety Disorders Across Early Childhood. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2018;47(6):1004-13.
9. Bittner A, Egger HL, Erkanli A, Jane Costello E, Foley DL, Angold A. What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? JCPP, and allied disciplines. 2007;48(12):1174-83.
10. Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of general psychiatry. 2003;60(8):837-44.
11. Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y. The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of general psychiatry. 1998;55(1):56-64.
12. Shear K, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Walters EE, Kessler RC. Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The American journal of psychiatry. 2006;163(6):1074-83.
13. Kessler R. Anxiety as a gateway disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Anxiety Disorders Association of America2010.
14. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602.
15. Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Archives of general psychiatry. 2003;60(7):709-17.
16. Egger HL, Angold A. Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. JCPP, and allied disciplines. 2006;47(3-4):313-37.
17. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Pub2013.
18. Manti F, Giovannone F, Sogos C. Parental stress of preschool children with generalized anxiety or oppositional defiant disorder. Frontiers in pediatrics. 2019;7:415.
19. Egger HL, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Potts E, Walter BK, Angold A. Test-retest reliability of the preschool age psychiatric assessment (PAPA). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006;45(5):538-49.
20. Masi G, Millepiedi S, Mucci M, Poli P, Bertini N, Milantoni L. Generalized anxiety disorder in referred children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;43(6):752-60.
21. Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Masek B, Henin A, Blakely LR, Pollock-Wurman RA, McQuade J, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for 4-to 7-year-old children with anxiety disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2010;78(4):498.
22. Vasey MW, Crnic KA, Carter WG. Worry in childhood: A developmental perspective. Cognitive therapy and research. 1994;18(6):529-49.
23. Weems CF, Costa NM. Developmental differences in the expression of childhood anxiety symptoms and fears. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;44(7):656-63.
24. Scheeringa MS, Burns LC. Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Very Young Children: First Case Reports on Stability and Developmental Considerations. Case reports in psychiatry. 2018, Sep 24. doi:10.1155/2018/7093178.
25. Weissman MM, Wolk S, Wickramaratne P, Goldstein RB, Adams P, Greenwald S, et al. Children with prepubertal-onset major depressive disorder and anxiety grown up. Archives of general psychiatry. 1999;56(9):794-801.
26. Kennedy SJ, Rapee RM, Edwards SL. A selective intervention program for inhibited preschool-aged children of parents with an anxiety disorder: Effects on current anxiety disorders and temperament. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009;48(6):602-9.
27. Lau EX, Rapee RM. Prevention of anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2011;13(4):258-66.
28. Gale CK, Millichamp J. Generalised anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. BMJ clinical evidence. 2016; pii: 1002.
29. Ghamari GH, Abou AGA, Falahzadeh M. Study of prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among Fifth the grade pupils and the effectiveness of inner and outer self statement on its treatment. 2009; 5(2): 9-26.[Persian].
30. Ahmadi A, Mohammadi-Sartang M, Nooraliee P, Veisi M, Rasouli J. Prevalence of anxiety and it's relationship with consumption of snacks in high school students in Shiraz. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2013;15(1):83-90[Persian].
31. Zarafshan H, Mohammadi MR, Salmanian M. Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders among Children and Adolescents in Iran: A Systematic Review. Iranian journal of psychiatry. 2015;10(1):1-7.
32. Ghanbari S, Khanmohamadi M. Preschool Anxiety Scale (PSA): Questionnaire, Instruction and Scoring (Persian Version). Developmental psychology- Iranian psychologists. 2014;11(41):115-7. [Persian].
33. Khodapanahi MK, Ghanbari S, Nadali H, Seyed MP. Quality of mother–child relationships and anxiety syndrome in preschoolers. 2012;9(33): 10-15.[Persian].
34. Banaeipour Z, Rostami S, Zarea K, Cheraghian B. The prevalence of anxiety and its related factors among school-age children in South West of Iran. International Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;4(6):2019-25. [Persian].
35. Dibaei S, janbozorghi M, arefnazar M. The relation between emotional ambivalence and emotional control in mothers and anxiety in children with cancer and the modifying role of children’s sex. Journal of Research in Psychological Health. 2009;3(1):55-64[Persian].
36. Turner SM, Beidel DC, Costello A. Psychopathology in the offspring of anxiety disorders patients. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 1987;55(2):229.
37. Last CG, Hersen M, Kazdin A, Orvaschel H, Perrin S. Anxiety disorders in children and their families. Archives of general psychiatry. 1991;48(10):928-34.
38. Beidel DC, Turner SM. At risk for anxiety: I. Psychopathology in the offspring of anxious parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36(7):918-24.
39. Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Bolduc EA, Faraone SV, Hirshfeld DR. A high risk study of young children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia with and without comorbid major depression. Psychiatry research. 1991;37(3):333-48.
40. Merikangas KR, Dierker LC, Szatmari P. Psychopathology among offspring of parents with substance abuse and/or anxiety disorders: a high-risk study. The JCPP and Allied Disciplines. 1998;39(5):711-20.
41. Last CG, Hersen M, Kazdin AE, Francis G, Grubb HJ. Psychiatric illness in the mothers of anxious children. The American journal of psychiatry. 1987.
42. Dadds MR, Barrett PM, Rapee RM, Ryan S. Family process and child anxiety and aggression: An observational analysis. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 1996;24(6):715-34.
43. Barlow DH. Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic: Guilford press; 2004.
44. Rapee RM, Craske MG, Brown TA, Barlow DH. Measurement of perceived control over anxiety-related events. Behavior Therapy. 1996;27(2):279-93.
45. Twenge JM. The age of anxiety? The birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952–1993. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2000;79(6):1007.
46. Bögels SM, Bamelis L, van der Bruggen C. Parental rearing as a function of parent's own, partner's, and child's anxiety status: Fathers make the difference. Cognition and Emotion. 2008;22(3):522-38.
47. DiBartolo PM, Helt M. Theoretical models of affectionate versus affectionless control in anxious families: A critical examination based on observations of parent–child interactions. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2007;10(3):253-74.
48. Fisak B, Grills-Taquechel AE. Parental modeling, reinforcement, and information transfer: Risk factors in the development of child anxiety? Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2007;10(3):213-31.
49. McLeod BD, Wood JJ, Weisz JR. Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27(2):155-72.
50. Rapee RM. Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 1997;17(1):47-67.
51. Rapee RM. Family factors in the development and management of anxiety disorders. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2012;15(1):69-80.
52. Wood JJ, McLeod BD, Sigman M, Hwang WC, Chu BC. Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions JCPP. 2003;44(1):134-51.
53. Piacentini J, Roblek T. Recognizing and treating childhood anxiety disorders: These disorders are treatable but often are neglected by practitioners. Western journal of medicine. 2002;176(3):149.
54. Ziv Y, Kupermintz H. The effects of exposure to political and domestic violence on preschool children and their mothers. International journal of psychology. 2019.
55. Kertz SJ, Woodruff-Borden J. The developmental psychopathology of worry. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011;14(2):174-97.
56. Bögels S, Phares V. Fathers' role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(4):539-58.
57. Mian ND, Wainwright L, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Carter AS. An ecological risk model for early childhood anxiety: The importance of early child symptoms and temperament. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2011;39(4):501-12.
58. Newman MG, Llera SJ, Erickson TM, Przeworski A, Castonguay LG. Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: a review and theoretical synthesis of evidence on nature, etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Annual review of clinical psychology. 2013;9:275-97.
59. Dias FV, Campos JADB, Oliveira RLV, Mendes R, Leal IP, Maroco J. Causal factors of anxiety symptoms in children. 2471-2701. 2016;2(2):1-11.
60. Festen H, Schipper K, de Vries SO, Reichart CG, Abma TA, Nauta MH. Parents’ perceptions on offspring risk and prevention of anxiety and depression: a qualitative study. BMC psychology. 2014; (1):17.
61. Kvale S, Brinkmann S. Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing: Sage; 2009.
62. Bryman A. Social research methods: Oxford university press; 2016.
63. Shannak RO, Aldhmour F. Grounded theory as a methodology for theory generation in information systems research. European journal of economics, finance and administrative sciences. 2009;15(15):32-50.
64. Charmaz K, Abductive II-A, editors. Grounded theory coding. Workshop presentation: The Changing Generations Project Dublin, Ireland; 2012.
65. Corbin J, Strauss A. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory: Sage publications; 2014.
66. Daymon C, Holloway I. Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications: Routledge; 2010.
67. Maxwell JA. Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: Sage publications; 2012.
68. Fortune J, White D. Framing of project critical success factors by a systems model. International journal of project management. 2006;24(1):53-65.
69. Selden L. On Grounded Theory‐with some malice. Journal of Documentation. 2005;61(1):114-29.
70. Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of qualitative research techniques: Sage publications Thousand Oaks, CA; 1998. P:130-134.
71. Strauss AL. Qualitative analysis for social scientists: Cambridge university press; 1987.
72. Lee J. A grounded theory: integration and internalization in ERP adoption and use. 2001.
73. Corbin J, Strauss A. Strategies for qualitative data analysis. Basics of Qualitative Research Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 2008;3.
74. Creswell J. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing from five approaches (3rd Eds). Californoa: Sage; 2013.
75. Cresswell JW. Educational research: planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative. Ke-2; 2005.
76. Corbin JM, Strauss A. Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology. 1990;13(1):3-21.
77. Bögels SM, Brechman-Toussaint ML. Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26(7):834-56.
78. Whalen DJ, Gilbert KE, Barch DM, Luby JL, Belden AC. Variation in common preschool sleep problems as an early predictor for depression and anxiety symptom severity across time. JCPP. 2017;58(2):151-9.
79. Jarrett MA, Black AK, Rapport HF, Grills-Taquechel AE, Ollendick TH. Generalized anxiety disorder in younger and older children: Implications for learning and school functioning. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2015;24(4):992-1003.
80. Capozzi F, Manti F, Di Trani M, Romani M, Vigliante M, Sogos C. Children’s and parent’s psychological profiles in selective mutism and generalized anxiety disorder: a clinical study. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2018;27(6):775-83.
81. Meers JM, Ferri R, Bruni O, Alfano CA. Sleep spindle density is associated with worry in children with generalized anxiety disorder and healthy controls. J. Affect. 2020;260:418-25.
82. Beck AT, Emery G. with Ruth L. Greenberg, 1985: Anxiety Disorders and Phobias. A Cognitive Perspective. New York: Basic Books. Print.
83. Beck, A. T. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York, NY: International Universities Press;1976.
84. Barlow DH. Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American psychologist. 2000;55(11):1247.
Research in Psychological Health