The mediating role of personal values in the relationship between neuroticism and problematic internet use in students

Author
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of personal values ​​in the relationship between neuroticism and problematic internet use (PIU) in the student population. The statistical population of this study included all university students of Tehran city. 358 undergraduate students of Tehran, Kharazmi and Shahid Beheshti universities were selected by convenience sampling method. Participants responded to the Internet Abusive Use questionnaire, the Valued Living Questionnaire, and the Neuroticism-NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling as implemented in SPSS-20 and LISREL-8.53 software. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the conceptual model of the research fitted well with the experimental data and the personal values played a full mediating role in the relationship between neuroticism and PIU. The results of path analysis also showed that neuroticism has the most indirect effect on PIU through family relations value, intimate relation value, spirituality-religion value, physical well-being value, social relations value and learning. It can be concluded from the results of the study that personal values ​​play as a full mediating role in the relationship between neuroticism and PIU and in the presence of personal values, ​​direct path neuroticism and PIU was no longer meaningful.
Keywords

1. Lu, WH, Lee KH, Ko CH, Hsiao RC, Hu HF, Yen CF. Relationship between borderline personality symptoms and Internet addiction: The mediating effects of mental health problems. J Behav Addict 2017; 6(3): 434-41.
2. Shensa A, Escobar-Viera CG, Sidani JE,Bowman ND, Marshal MP, Primack BA.Problematic social media use and depressive symptoms among US young adults: A nationally-representative study.Soc Sci Med 2017; 182: 150-7 .
3. Aljomaa SS, Qudah MFA, Albursan IS,Bakhiet SF, Abduljabbar AS. Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables. Comput Human Behav 2016; 61: 155-164 .
4. Blackwell D, Leaman C, Tramposch R, Osborne C, Liss M. Extraversion,neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences 2017; 116: 69-72 .
5. Andreassen CS, Pallesen S, Griffiths MD.The relationship between addictive use ofsocial media, narcissism, and self-esteem:Findings from a large national survey.Addictive behaviors 2017; 64: 287-93.
6. Ghassemzadeh L, Shahraray M, Moradi A.Prevalence of Internet addiction and comparison of Internet addicts and nonaddicts in Iranian high schools.CyberPsychology & Behavior 2008; 11(6):721-33 .
7. Contractor AA, Weiss NH, Tull MT, Elhai JD. PTSD's relation with problematicsmartphone use: Mediating role ofimpulsivity.Comput Human Behav 2017;75: 177-83 .
8. Tokunaga RS. A meta-analysis of therelationships between psychosocial problems and internet habits: Synthesizing internet addiction, problematic internet use,and deficient self-regulation research.Commun Monogr 2017; 34: 1-24 .
9. Baker DA, Algorta GP. The relationship between online social networking and depression: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2016; 19(11): 638-48 .
10. Boumosleh JM, Jaalouk D. Depression,anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students-A cross sectional study.PLoS one 2017; 12(8): 1-14.
11. Lee S, Park MS, Tam C. The relationship between Facebook attachment and obsessive-compulsive disorder severity. Cyberpsychol: J Psych Res Cyber 2015;9(2)
12. Taylor S, Pattara-angkoon S, Sirirat S,Woods D. The theoretical underpinnings of Internet addiction and its association with psychopathology in adolescence. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017; 31(5): 1-7.
13. Goldberg I. (1996). Internet addiction disorder, in Cinti M. E.(a cura di) Internet Addiction Disorder un fenomeno sociale in espansione (pp.6-7). Available:http://www.iucf. indiana. edu/brown/hyplan/ addict. html.
14. Young KS. Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder.Cyberpsychol Behav 1998; 1(3): 237-44.
15. Skues J, Williams B, Oldmeadow J, WiseL. The effects of boredom, loneliness, and distress tolerance on problem Internet use among university students. Int J Ment Health Addict 2016; 14(2): 167-80 .
16. Gunlu A, Ceyhan AA. Investigating adolescents’ behaviors on the internet and problematic internet usage. Addicta: TurkJAddic 2017; 4: 75-117 .
17. Hadlington L. Cognitive failures in daily life: Exploring the link with Internet addiction and problematic mobile phone use. Comput Human Behav 2015; 51: 75-81 .
18. Kim HK, Davis KE. Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic Internet use: Evaluating the role of selfesteem,anxiety, flow, and the self-rated importance of Internet activities. Comput Human Behav 2009; 25(2): 490-500 .
19. Laconi S, Vigouroux M, Lafuente C,Chabrol H. Problematic internet use,psychopathology, personality, defense and coping. Comput Human Behav 2017; 73:47-54 .
20. Prasad K,Hamza A, Shrinivasa B,Sharma MK,Reddy S.Etiological factors related to problematic internet use.IndianJ HealthWel 2017; 8(7): 602-14 .
21. Thatcher A, Wretschko G, Fridjhon P.Online flow experiences, problematicInternet use and Internet procrastination.Comput Human Behav 2008; 4(5): 2236-54.
22. Momjazi S. Assessment of internet addiction status and its relation to general health among medical students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, 2017.[Persian].
23. Bagherianfar M, Liaghatdar M, Javadipour M, Jafari M. The effect of addiction to mobile messenger software and mental health among physical education students. J Fund Ment Health 2017; 19(5): 374-83.[Persian].
24. Yahyaizadeh S, Falahi-Shakhankab M,Norouzi K, Dalvandi A. Prevalence of Smartphone Addiction among Nursing Students in Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2016. J Facult Nurs Mid 2016;26(94): 1-10. [Persian].
25. Khatib-zanjani N, Agaharis M. Prevalence of Internet Addiction in Semnan Province Payam Noor Students. J Interdiscip LearnMed Sci 2014; 2(5): 1-7. [Persian].
26. Costa PT, McCrae RR. Primary traits of Eysenck's PEN system: Three-and fivefactor solutions. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995; 69(2): 308-20.
27. Hamburger YA, Ben-Artzi E. The relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and the different use of the internet. Comput Human Behav 2000; 16:441-9.
28. Hills P, Argyle M. Emotional stability as VA major dimension of happiness. J Pers Ind Dif 2001; 31: 1357-64.
29. Hardie E, Tee MY. Excessive internet use: the role of the personality, loneliness and social support networks in intenet addiction. Aust J Emerg Technol Soci2007; 1(5): 34-47.
30. Tsai HF, Cheng SH, Yeh TL, Shih CC,Chen KC, Yang YC, et al. The risk factors of Internet addiction a survey of university freshmen. Psychiatry Res 2009; 167(3):294-9.
31. Bulut-Serin N. An examination of predictor variables for problematic internet use.Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET 2011; 10(3): 54-62.
32. Dong G, Wang J, Yang X, Zhou H. Risk personality traits of Internet addiction: a longitudinal study of Internet-addicted Chinese University students. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2012; 5(4): 316-21.
33. Yan W, Li Y, Sui N. The relationship between recent stressful life events, personality traits, perceived family functioning and internet addiction amongcollege students. Stress Health 2014; 30(1):3-11.
34. Pearson C, Hussain Z. Smartphone use,addiction, narcissism, and personality: a mixed methods investigation. Int J Cyber Behav Psychol Learn 2015; 5(17): 32.
35. Saini VK, Baniya GCH,Verma KK,Soni A KeshawaniS.A study on relationship of internet addictive behavior with personalitytraits among medical students. J Ment Health 2016; 21(2): 108–11.
36. Hussain Z, Griffiths MD, Sheffield D. An investigation into problematic smartphone use: the role of narcissism, anxiety, and personality factors. J Behav Addict 2017;6: 378–86.
37. Shi, M. & Du, T. J. Associations of personality traits with internet addiction in Chinese medical students: the mediating role of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. BMC Psychiatry 2019;19(183): 1-8.
38. Leigland S. Variables of which values are a function. Behav Anal 2005; 28: 133–42.
39. Blackledge JT, Ciarrochi J. Personal values questionnaire. Australia: University of Wollongong (Unpublished manuscript)2006.
40. Plumb JC, Stewart I, Dahl J, Lundgren T.In search of meaning: Values in modern clinical behavior analysis. Behav Anal 2009; 32: 85–103.
41. Gifford EV, Kohlenberg B, Hayes SC,Pierson H, Piasecki M, Antonuccio D,Palm K. Does acceptance and relationship focused behavior therapy contribute to bupropion outcomes? A randomized controlled trial of FAP and ACT for smoking cessation. Behav Ther 2011; 42:700-15.
42. Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG.Acceptance and Commitment Therapy:The process and practice of mindful change (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press 2012.
43. Williams K, Ciarrochi J, Heaven P.Relationships between valued action and well-being across the transition from high school to early adulthood. J Posit Psychol 2015; 10: 127–40.
44. Christie AM, Atkins PWB, Donald JN. The meaning and doing of mindfulness: The role of values in the link between mindfulness and well-being. Mindful 2017;8(2): 368–78.
45. Gloster AT, Klotsche J, Ciarrochi J, Eifert G, Sonntag R, Wittchen HU, Hoyer J.Increasing valued behaviors precedes reduction in suffering: Findings from a randomized controlled trial using ACT.Behav Res Ther 2017; 91: 64–71.
46. Wersebe H, Lieb R, Meyer AH, Hoyer J,Wittchen HU, Gloster AT. Changes of valued behaviors and functioning during an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention. J Contextual Behav Sci 2017;6(1): 63–70.
47. Serowik KL, Khan AJ, LoCurto J, Orsillo SM. The conceptualization and measurement of values: A review of the psychometric properties of measures developed to inform values work with adults. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2018;40(4): 615–35.
48. Davis EL, Deane FP, Lyons GCB.Prediction of individual differences in adjustment to loss: Acceptance and valuedliving as critical appraisal and coping strengths. Death Stud 2016, 40(4): 211–22.
49. Jensen MP, Vowles KE, Johnson LE, Gertz KJ. Living well with pain: Development and preliminary evaluation of the valuedliving scale. Pain Med 2015, 16(11): 2109–20.
50. Foote HW, Hamer JD, Roland MM, Landy SR, Smitherman TA. Psychological flexibility in migraine: A study of pain acceptance and values-based action.Cephalalgia 2016, 36(4): 317–24.
51. Michelson SE, Lee JK, Orsillo SM, Roemer L. The role of values-consistent behavior in generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 2011, 28(5), 358–366.
52. Donahue JJ, Khan H, Huggins J, MarrowT. Posttraumatic stress symptom severity and functional impairment in a trauma-exposed sample: A preliminary examination into the moderating role of valued living. . J Contextual Behav Sci2017; 6: 13–20.
53. Wetterneck CT,Lee EB, Smith AH,Hart JM. Courage,self-compassion,and values in obsessive-compulsive disorder.JContextual Behav Sci 2013; 2(3–4): 68–73.
54. Mosher CE, Tometich DB, Hirsh A, Rand KL, Johns SA, Matthias MS, Miller K.Symptom experiences in metastatic breastcancer patients:Relationships to activity engagement,value-based living, and psychological inflexibility.Psycho-Oncology 2016; 26(11): 1944-51.
55. Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.Iranian Values and Attitudes, Survey Findings in 28 Provinces of Iran, Second Wave, First Edition, Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Office of National Plans, 2003, 418 p. [Persian].
56. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York:Guilford; 2001.
57. Calvo-Francés F. Internet Abusive Use Questionnaire: Psychometric properties.Comput Human Behav 2016; 59: 187-94 .
58. Mottaghi S, Safaie S. Psychometric properties of Internet abusive use questionnaire. Rph 2017; 11 (2): 92-102.[Persian].
59. Costa PT, McCrae RR. Acontemplates revision NEO Five Factor Inventory. J Pers Ind Dif 1992; 36: 578-96.
60. Roshan Chesly R, Shaeeri M, Atrifard M,Nikkhah A, Ghaem Maghami B,Rahimierad A. Investigating Psychometric Properties of “NEO-Five Factor Inventory”(NEO-FFI). CPAP 2006; 1 (16): 27-36.[Persian].
61. Anisi J, Majdian M, Joshanloo M, Goharikamel Z. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. Int J Behav Med 2012;5(4): 351-55.
62. Wilson KG, Sandoz EK, Kitchens J,Roberts M. The valued living questionnaire: defining and measuringvalued action within a behavioral framework. Psychol Rec 2010; 60: 249-72.
63. Akbari M. The Reliability and Validity of Persian version of the Valued Living Questionnaire: based on Acceptance and Commitment approach. CPAP 2018; 16(1):239-49. [Persian].
64. Chou CP, Bentler PM. Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. In Hoyle RH, editors. Structural Equation Modeling:Concepts, Issues and Applications.Thousand Oaks, California: Sage; 1995.
65. Spada MM, Marino C. Metacognitions and emotion regulation as predictors of problematic Internet use in adolescents. Clin Neuropsychiatry 2017; 14(1): 59-63.
66. Akbari M. Metacognitions or distress intolerance: The mediating role in the relationship between emotional dysregulation and problematic internet use.Addict Behav Rep. 2017, 6(Supplement C):128-33.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.10.004.
67. Hormes JM, Kearns B, Timko CA. Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association withemotion regulation deficits. Addiction 2014; 109(12): 2079-88 .
68. Elhai JD, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Levine JC, Picard KJ, Hall BJ. Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week. JPers Ind Dif 2017; 133: 21-28.
69. Simons JS, Gaher RM. The DistressTolerance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motiv Emot 2005; 29(2): 83-102.
70. Amani Saribagloo J, Gholamali L, Ejeiee M, Khezri Azar H. The Relationship between Cultural Values and Individual Variables with Computer Use among Students. Int J Behav Med 2011; 5(1): 1-10.
71. Azadarmaki T, Etemadi Fard SM. Family Base, Religious Types and Quality of Religious Values in Iran. JYRCS 2010;6(4): 1-23. [Persian].
72. Khodaei I, Moedani Pour A, Naghdi V.Parents, teens, family values; preference for obedience or independence. J Fam Res2007, 3(4): 791-810. [Persian].