Prediction cigarette and Water- Pipe use among university students based on the adjustment with the university, Mental Health and motivation for use

Authors
Masoumeh Hosseinian 1
Robabeh Nouri 1
Maryam Moghadasin 1
Sophia Esalatmanesh 2
1 Kharazmi university
2 National Institute for Medical Research Development
10.52547/rph.12.2.86
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate a model for predicting cigarette and water-pipe use among university students based on the adjustment to the university, mental health and motivation for use. This correlational study with a structural equation modeling approach was conducted on 634 students selected from Kashan universities by cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ), Substance Use Motives questionnaires, Young Risk Behavior Scale (YRBS), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The results showed that none of the dimensions of adjustment to the university had a significant effect on cigarette or water–pipe use. Some dimensions (individual-emotional compatibility and attachment to the university) that were mediated by the role of mental health and consumer motivation, had an indirect significant effect on cigarette and water–pipe use. Mental health and coping motivation had a significant effect on cigarette use. Also, mental health and additive motivation had direct and significant effect on water-pipe use. Reduction of adjustment to the university in two aspects of emotional–individual adjustment and attachment to the university causes mental health problems, and the presence of coping motivations for cigarette use or additive motivations for water–pipe use, increase the probability of cigarette or water–pipe use among the students. According to the findings, the development of different preventive programs for cigarette or water–pipe use, screening of mental health problems especially for vulnerable students during the school years, is recommended.
Keywords
adjustment to university
mental health
motives to use
cigarette
water- pipe
1. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2015: raising taxes on tobacco? World Health Organization 2015.
2. Minichino A, Bersani FS, Calò WK, Spagnoli F, Francesconi M, Vicinanza R, et al. Smoking behaviour and mental health isorders—mutual influences and implications for therapy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013; 10(10):4790- 811.
3. Boutayeb A, Boutayeb S. The burden of non-communicable diseases in developing countries. Int J Equity Health. 2005; 4(1):2 10.
4. Bilano V, Gilmour S, Moffiet T, d'Espaignet ET, Stevens GA, Commar A, et al. Global trends and projections for tobacco use, 1990–2025: an analysis of smoking indicators from the WHO Comprehensive Information Systems for Tobacco Control. Lancet. 2015; 385(9972):966-76.
5. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Yunesian M, Sahimi-Izadian E, Moinolghorabaei M. Trend of smoking among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences: results from four consecutive surveys from 2006 to 2009. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2013; 27(4):168-78.
6. Barnett TE, Smith T, He Y, Soule EK, Curbow BA, Tomar SL, et al. Evidence of emerging hookah use among university students: a cross-sectional comparison between hookah and cigarette use. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13(1):302.
7. Chkhaidze I, Maglakelidze N, Maglakelidze T, Khaltaev N. Prevalence of and factors influencing smoking among medical and non-medical students in Tbilisi, Georgia. J Bras Pneumol. 2013; 39(5):579-84.
8. Martins SR, Paceli RB, Bussacos MA, Fernandes FLA, Prado GF, Lombardi EMS, et al. Experimentation with and knowledge regarding water-pipe tobaccosmoking among medical students at a major university in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2014; 40(2):102-10.
9. Warren CW, Jones NR, Eriksen MP, Asma S, group GTSSc. Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults. Lancet. 2006; 367(9512):749-53.
10. Angelini K, Sutherland MA, Fantasia HC. Reported alcohol and tobacco use and screening among college women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2017; 46(3):75- 82.
11. Health UDo, Services H. The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report of theآ Surgeon General. 2014.
12. Caldeira KM, O’Grady KE, GarnierDykstra LM, Vincent KB, Pickworth WB, Arria AM. Cigarette smoking among college students: longitudinal trajectories and health outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012; 14(7):777-85.
17. Renk K, Smith T. Predictors of academicrelated stress in college students: An examination of coping, social support, parenting, and anxiety. NASPA J. 2007; 44(3):405-31.
18. Keup JR. Great expectations and the ultimate reality check: Voices of students during the transition from high school to college. NASPA J. 2007; 44(1):3-31.
19. Hicks T, Heastie S. High school to college transition: A profile of the stressors, physical and psychological health issues that affect the first-year on-campus college student. J Cult Divers. 2008; 15(3):143-7.
20. Bohnert AM, Aikins JW, Edidin J. The role of organized activities in facilitating social adaptation across the transition to college. J Adolesc Res. 2007; 22(2):189- 208.
21. Lubker JR, Etzel EF. College adjustment experiences of first-year students: Disengaged athletes, nonathletes, and current varsity athletes. NASPA J2007; 44(3):457-80.
22. Thurber CA, Walton EA. Homesickness and adjustment in university students. J Am Coll Health. 2012; 60(5):415-9.
23. Pittman LD, Richmond A. Academic and psychological functioning in late adolescence: The importance of school belonging. J Exp Educ. 2007; 75(4):270- 90.
24. Fromme K, Corbin WR, Kruse MI. Behavioral risks during the transition from high school to college. Dev Psychol. 2008; 44(5):1497-504.
25. White HR, McMorris BJ, Catalano RF, Fleming CB, Haggerty KP, Abbott RD. Increases in alcohol and marijuana use during the transition out of high school into emerging adulthood: The effects of leaving home, going to college, and high school protective factors. J Stud Alcohol. 2006; 67(6):810-22.
26. Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol. 2000; 55(5):469-80.
27. Borsari B, Carey KB. Descriptive and injunctive norms in college drinking: a meta-analytic integration. J Stud Alcohol. 2003; 64(3):331-41.
28. Dyson R, Renk K. Freshmen adaptation to university life: depressive symptoms, stress, and coping. J Clin Psychol. 2006; 62(10):1231-44.
29. Bouteyre E, Maurel M, Bernaud JL. Daily hassles and depressive symptoms among first year psychology students in France: The role of coping and social support. Stress Health. 2007; 23(2):93-9.
30. Weinstein L, Laverghetta A. College student stress and satisfaction with life. Coll Stud J. 2009; 43(4):1161-62.
31. Statham DJ, Connor JP, Kavanagh DJ, Feeney GF, Young RM, May J, et al. Measuring alcohol craving: development of the Alcohol Craving Experience questionnaire. Addiction. 2011; 106(7):1230-8.
32. Pawlina MMC, Rondina RDC, Espinosa MM, Botelho C. Nicotine dependence and levels of depression and anxiety in smokers in the process of smoking cessation. Rev Psiq Clin. 2014; 41(4):101-5.
33. D’Amico EJ, Edelen MO, Miles JN, Morral AR. The longitudinal association between substance use and delinquency among high-risk youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008; 93(1):85-92.
34. Farris SG, Aston ER, Zvolensky MJ, Abrantes AM, Metrik J. Psychopathology and tobacco demand. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017; 177:59-66.
35. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Swain‐ Campbell N. Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood. Addiction. 2002; 97(9):1123-35.
36. Weinberger AH, Kashan RS, Shpigel DM, Esan H, Taha F, Lee CJ, et al. Depression and cigarette smoking behavior: A critical review of populationbased studies. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2017; 43(4):416-31.
37. Prusakowski MK, Shofer FS, Rhodes KV, Mills AM. Effect of depression and psychosocial stressors on cessation selfefficacy in mothers who smoke. Matern Child Health J. 2011; 15(5):620-6.
38. Brady TM, Ashley OS. Women in substance abuse treatment: Results from the Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS). 2005. https://www.researchgate.net/publication /241444579.
39. Cooper ML. Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychol Assess. 1994; 6(2):117-28.
40. Fidler JA, West R. Self-perceived smoking motives and their correlates in a general population sample. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009; 11(10):1182-8.
41. Cooper ML, Kuntsche E, Levitt A, Barber LL, Wolf S. Motivational models of substance use: A review of theory and research on motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. The Oxford handbook of substance use and substance use disorders 2016. 375-421.
42. Glavak Tkalić R, Sučić I, Dević I. Motivation for Substance Use: Why Do People Use Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana? hrcak.srce.hr 2013; 22(4):601-25.
43. Thornton LK, Baker AL, Lewin TJ, KayLambkin FJ, Kavanagh D, Richmond R, et al. Reasons for substance use among people with mental disorders. Addict Behav. 2012; 37(4):427-34.
44. Blevins CE, Lash SJ, Abrantes AM. Adapting substance use motives measures for a clinical population of opiate, alcohol, and stimulant users. Addict Res Theory. 2018; 26(2):151-8.
45. Simons J, Correia CJ, Carey KB, Borsari BE. Validating a five-factor marijuana motives measure: Relations with use, problems, and alcohol motives. J Couns Psychol. 1998; 45(3):265-270.
46. Haddad L, El-Shahawy O, Ghadban R, Barnett TE, Johnson E. Waterpipe Smoking and Regulation in the United States: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015; 12(6):6115-35.
53. Brener ND, Kann L, McManus T, Kinchen SA, Sundberg EC, Ross JG. Reliability of the 1999 youth risk behavior survey questionnaire. J Adolesc Health. 2002; 31(4):336-42.
55. O'Rourke N, Psych R, Hatcher L. A stepby-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. 2013. Sas Institute. ISBN 978-1-61290- 387-3 (electronic book)
56. Ding L, Velicer WF, Harlow LL. Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Struct Equ Modeling. 1995; 2(2):119-43.
57. Young MS, Schinka JA. Research Validity Scales for the NEO-PI-R: additional evidence for reliability and validity. J Pers Assess. 2001; 76(3):412- 20.
58. Olsson U, Drasgow F, Dorans NJ. The polyserial correlation coefficient. Psychometrika. 1982; 47(3):337-47.
59. Beyers W, Goossens L. Concurrent and predictive validity of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire in a sample of European freshman students. Educ Psychol Meas. 2002; 62(3):527-38.
60. Bernier A, Larose S, Whipple N. Leaving home for college: a potentially stressful event for adolescents with preoccupied attachment patterns. Attach Hum Dev. 2005; 7(2):171-85.
61. Foster DW, Langdon KJ, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky M. Smoking Processes, Panic, and Depressive Symptoms Among Treatment Seeking Smokers. Subst Use Misuse. 2015; 50(3):394-402.
62. Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1997; 4(5):231-44.
63. LaBrie JW, Ehret PJ, Hummer JF, Prenovost K. Poor adjustment to college life mediates the relationship between drinking motives and alcohol consequences: A look at college adjustment, drinking motives, and drinking outcomes. Addict Behav. 2012; 37(4):379-86.
64. Piko BF, Varga S, Wills TA. A study of motives for tobacco and alcohol use among high school students in Hungary. J Community Health Res. 2015; 40(4):744- 9.
65. Mischel ER, Leen-Feldner EW, Knapp AA, Bilsky SA, Ham L, Lewis S. Indirect effects of smoking motives on adolescent anger dysregulation and smoking. Addict Behav. 2014; 39(12):1831-8.
66. Leong FT, Bonz MH, Zachar P. Coping styles as predictors of college adjustment among freshmen. Couns Psychol Q. 1997; 10(2):211-20.
67. Akl EA, Jawad M, Lam WY, Co CN, Obeid R, Irani J. Motives, beliefs and attitudes towards waterpipe tobacco smoking: a systematic review. Harm Reduct J. 2013; 10(1):12.