Psychometric properties of Ambivalence over Emotional Expression Questionnaire

Authors
1 Shahed university
2 Tehran University
3 Tarbiat Modares University
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian language version of the ambivalence over emotional expression questionnaire (AEQ). Translation-back translation was used to prepare the Persian version of AEQ. A convenience sample of 521 students from three universities in Tehran in 2015-2016 was examined. We assessed validity of the questionnaire by construct validity (via exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis) and convergent validity. Cronbach alpha, split half reliability, test-retest reliability coefficients were used for assessing reliablity. Exploratory factor analysis of AEQ’s items showed two factors named ambivalence over expression of positive emotions and ambivalence over expression of negative emotions. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the factor structure resulted from exploratory factor analysis which was different from the proposed factors in original questionaire. For total questionnaire and two extracted factors, Cronbach alphas were between 0.77 and 0.86, the SpearmanBrown coefficients were between 0.77 and 0.88 and the test- retest reliability coefficients were between 0.72 and 0.79. The results of this study indicated that this questionnaire have appropriate psychometric properties among Iranian Population.
Keywords

Aaker, J. L., & Lee, A. Y. (2001). “I” seek pleasures and “we” avoid pains: the role of self-regulatory goals in information processing and persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 33-49.
Albani, C., Blaser, G., Völker, J., Geyer, M., Schmutzer, G., Bailer, H. et al. (2007). Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness: psychometric evaluation of the AEQ-G18 in a representative German survey. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine, 4, 1-13
Antony, M. M., Coons, M. J., McCabe, R. E., Ashbaugha, A., & Swinsona,R. P. (2006). Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory: Further evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1177–1185.
Barrett, P. (2007). Structural Equation Modelling: Adjudging Model Fit. Personality and Individual Differences, 42 (5), 815-24.
Beblo, T., Fernando, S., Klocke, S., Griepenstroh, J., Aschenbrenner, S., & Driessen, M. (2012). Increased suppression of negative and positive emotions in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders,141(2-3), 474-479.
Bergman, K. N., Cummings, M. & Davies, P. T. (2014). Interparental aggression and adolescent adjustment: The role of emotional insecurity and adrenocortical activity. Journal of Family Violence, 29(7), 763-771.
Boon Ooi, L. (2013). Ambivalence over emotional expression and symptom attribution are associated with self-reported somatic symptoms in Singaporean school adolescents. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16 (3),169-80.
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. 2nded. New York: Taylor and Francis group.
Choi, J. Y. & Suh, K. H. (2015). Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and interpersonal anxiety. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 20 (1), 175-191.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Connor, K. M., Davidson. J. R. T., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Foa, E., & Weisler. R. H. (2000). Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory (SPIN). British journal of psychiatry, 176, 379-386.
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2009). Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninitiated. New York: Sage.
Dozois, D. J. A., & Dobson, K (2010). Depression. In M. M Antony & D. H Barlow(Ed). Handbook of assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders. 2nd edition. New York: Guilford Press.
Emmons, R. A., King, L. A., & Woodley, S. (1992). The structure of inhibition. Journal of research in personality, 26, 85-102.
Emmons, R.A., & Colby, P. M. (1995). Emotional conflict and well being, relation to perceived availability, daily utilization and observer reports of social support. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 68(5), 947 – 959.
Emmons. R. A. & King. L. A. (1988). Conflict among personal strivings: immediate and long-term implications for psychological and physical well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6),1040-8.
Everitt, B. S. (1975). Multivariate analysis: The need for data, and other problems. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 2S7-240.
Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS.10th ed. London: Sage Publications
Garson, D. G. (2008). Factor Analysis [Internet]. North Carolina State University: Statnotes; Available from: http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/factor.htm.
Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory--Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4), 185-192.
Hechtman, L. A., Raila, H., Chiao, J. Y., & Gruber, J. (2013). Positive emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic cultural neuroscience approach. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 4(5), 502-528.
Hu, L.T. & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6 (1), 1-55.
Ivanova, I. V. (2006). The role of emotional expressiveness and ambivalence over expression in romantic relationships. M. A thesis, Canada: Toronto
Katz, I. M., & Campbell, J. D. (1994). Ambivalence over emotional expression and well-being: nomothetic and idiographic tests of the stress-buffering hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 513–524.
King, L.A.(1998). Ambivalence over emotional expression and reading in situations and faces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 753 -762.
King, L. A., & Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 864–877.
King, L. A., & Emmons, R. A. (1991). Psychological, physical, and interpersonal correlates of emotional expressiveness, conflict, and control. European Journal of Personality, 5, 131–150.
King, L.A. (1993). Emotional expression, ambivalence over expression and marital satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relations, 10, 601-607.
Koopmann-Holm, B., and Matsumoto, D. (2011). Values and display rules for specific emotions. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 42, 355–371.
Krause, E. D., Robins, C. J., & Lynch, T. R. (2000). A mediational model relating sociotropy, ambivalence over emotional expression and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 28–35.
Matsumoto, D., Seung Hee, Y., and Fontaine, J. (2008). Mapping expressive differences around the world: the relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 39, 55–74.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
McLeod, S. A. (2015). Psychological theories of depression. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/depression.html
Monell, E., Högdahl, L., Mantilla, E. F., & Birgegård, A. (2015). Emotion dysregulation, self-image and eating disorder symptoms in University Women. Journal of Eating Disorders, 3, 44.
Mongrain, M. & Zuroff, D. (1994). Ambivalence over emotional expression and negative life events: Mediators of depressive symptoms in dependent and self-critical individuals. Personal and individual Differences, 16(3), 447-458
Myers, N. D., Ahn, S., & Jin, Y. (2011). Sample size and power estimates for a confirmatory factor analytic model in exercise and sport: a Monte Carlo approach. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 82(3), 412-423.
Ji Soon, P. et al (2008). The effect of emotional awareness deficit, emotional expressivity, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness on somatization, depression and stress experience frequency. Korean Journal Health Psychology, 13(3), 571-581.
Pennebaker, J. W. Hughes, C. F. & O’Heeron, R. C. (1987). The psychophysiology of confession: Linking inhibitory and psychosomatic processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 781-793.
Quinton, T. &Wagner, H. L. (2005). Alexithymia, ambivalence over emotional expression, and eating attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1163–1173.
Russell, James A. (1991). Culture and the categorization of emotions. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 426-450.
Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Riuz, P. (2014). Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 11th ed. Philadelphia: wolters Kluwer.
Sarid, O. (2015). Assessment of anger terms in hebrew: a gender comparison. Journal of Psychology, 149, 303–324.
Servaes , P., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Vreugdenhil, G., & Keuning, J. J. A. M. (1999). Inhibition of Emotional Expression in Breast Cancer Patients.Behavioral Medicine, 25(1), 23-27
Spokas, M., Luterek, J. A., & Heimberg, R. H. (2009). Social anxiety and emotional suppression: The mediating role of beliefs. Journal of Behavioral Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 283-291.
Streiner, D. L. & Norman, G. R. (1995). Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. 6th edition. Pearson education Inc.
Townsend, K. C. (2003). Late adolescent psychological adjustment: Role of individuation, sex, social connectedness and ambivalence ove emotional expression. Ph. D thesis, USA: University of Oregon.
Tucker, J. S., Winkelman, D. K., Katz, J. N., Bermas, B. L. (1999). Ambivalence Over Emotional Expression and Psychological Well-Being Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Their Spouses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29 (2), 271-290
Vittengl, J. R. & Holt, C. S. (1998). Positive and Negative Affect in Social Interactions as a Function of Partner Familiarity, Quality of Communication, and Social Anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17(2), 196-208.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346-353.
Weisman, J. S., Rodebaugh, T. L. , Brown, P. J., & A., Mulligan. E. (2015). Positive Affect and Social Anxiety Across the Lifespan: An Investigation of Age as a Moderator. Clinical Gerontologist, 38(1), 1-18.
Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D., F., and Summers, G. (1977). Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models. Sociological Methodology, 8 (1), 84-136.
Winkelman, D. K. (2000). The Relationship Among Ambivalence over the Inhibition and Expression of Specific Emotions, Physical Health, and Psychological Well-Being. Ph. D thesis, USA: Brandeis University