Comparison of Cognitive Emotion Regulation, general health, problem–solving styles and academic performance of adolescent girls with addicted and nonaddicted parents

Authors
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive emotion regulation, general health, problem-solving style and academic performance of the adolescent girls with addicted parents with nonaddicted parents ones. The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population was all female high school students of the third District of Karaj. Using convenience sampling method, 120 students was used which was included of 60 students with addicted and 60 students with non-addicted parents. The selected students in both groups were equilized. The groups completed Cognitive Emotion Regulation, general health and problem solving questionnaires. T-test and MANOVA were used to data analysis. Results indicated that adolescents with addicted parents achieve more score in “Blaming others” item and the others achieve more score in “Putting into perspective”, “Positive refocusing”, “Positive reappraisal” and “Refocus on planning” items in Cognitive Emotion Regulation test. Adolescents with nonaddicted parents get more score in “social” context and the others have more score in “Physical”, “anxiety” and “depression” context. Problem solving score in “personal control” item for students with nonaddicted parents and score in “Avoidance” for adolescents with addicted parents is higher than others. Academic Performance of the adolescents with addicted parents was less than that of the others.
Keywords

Arria, A.M., Mericle, A.A., Meyers, K., & Winters, K.C. (2012). Parental substance use impairment, parenting and substance use disorder risk. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 43(1), 114-122. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2011.10.001

Arria, A.M., Mericle, A.A., Rallo, D., Moe, J., White, W.L., Winters, K.C., & O’Connor, G. (2013). Integration of parenting skills education and interventions in addiction treatment. Journal of addiction medicine, 7(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e318270f7b0

Ball, S.A. (2005). Personality traits, problems, and disorders: Clinical applications to substance use disorders. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(1), 84-102. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.008

Becker-Weidman, E.G., Jacobs, R.H., Reinecke, M.A., Silva, S.G., & March, J.S. (2010). Social problem-solving among adolescents treated for depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(1), 11-18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.08.006

Bröning, S., Wiedow, A., Wartberg, L., Ruths, S., Haevelmann, A., Kindermann, S.-S., . . . Thomasius, R. (2012). Targeting children of substance-using parents with the community-based group intervention trampoline: A randomised controlled trial - design, evaluation, recruitment issues. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 223. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-223

Brown, E.J. (2006). Good mother, bad mother: Perception of mothering by rural african-american women who use cocaine. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 17(1), 21-31. doi: 10.1080/10884600500505802

Burns, A.R., Solis, J.M., Shadur, J.M., & Hussong, A.M. (2013). Comparing psychiatric symptoms among children of substance-abusing parents with different treatment histories. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 8(3), 258-271. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2012.738948

Chinaveh, M. (2010). Training problem-solving to enhance quality of life: Implication towards diverse learners. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7, 302-310. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.042

Doran, N., McChargue, D., & Cohen, L. (2007). Impulsivity and the reinforcing value of cigarette smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 32(1), 90-98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.023

Fuller-Thomson, E., B. Katz, R., T. Phan, V., P.M. Liddycoat, J., & Brennenstuhl, S. (2013). The long arm of parental addictions: The association with adult children’s depression in a population-based study. Psychiatry Research, 210(1), 95-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.024

Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Manual for the use of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: A questionnaire measuring cognitive coping strategies Leiderdorp: The Netherlands: DATEC.

Garnefski, N., Teerds, J., Kraaij, V., Legerstee, J., & van den Kommer, T. (2004). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: Differences between males and females. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 267-276. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00083-7

Garnefski, N., Van Den Kommer, T., Kraaij, V., Teerds, J., Legerstee, J., & Onstein, E. (2002). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems: Comparison between a clinical and a non‐clinical sample. European journal of personality, 16(5), 403-420.

Haug, S., Núñez, C.L., Becker, J., Gmel, G., & Schaub, M.P. (2014). Predictors of onset of cannabis and other drug use in male young adults: Results from a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1202. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1202

Hien, D., Cohen, L.R., Caldeira, N.A., Flom, P., & Wasserman, G. (2010). Depression and anger as risk factors underlying the relationship between maternal substance involvement and child abuse potential. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(2), 105-113. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.05.006

Jalalvand, M., Mohammadi, N., & Molazade, J. (2014). Study of effectiveness emotion regulation skills based on gross model with craving, attentional bias in substance in dependent individuals. rph, 8(2), 1-10.

Lazakidou, G., & Retalis, S. (2010). Using computer supported collaborative learning strategies for helping students acquire self-regulated problem-solving skills in mathematics. Computers & Education, 54(1), 3-13. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.02.020

Lin, Y.-R., Shiah, I.S., Chang, Y.-C., Lai, T.-J., Wang, K.-Y., & Chou, K.-R. (2004). Evaluation of an assertiveness training program on nursing and medical students’ assertiveness, self-esteem, and interpersonal communication satisfaction. Nurse Education Today, 24(8), 656-665. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2004.09.004

Luthar, S.S., & Suchman, N.E. (2000). Relational psychotherapy mothers' group: A developmentally informed intervention for at-risk mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 12(2), 235-253.

Mashhadi, A., Mir Doroghi, F., & Hasani, J. (2011). The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in internalizing disorders of children. JCP, 3(3), 29-39.
Mohagheghi, A., Amiri, S., Mousavi Rizi, S., & Safikhanlou, S. (2015). Emotional intelligence components in alcohol dependent and mentally healthy individuals. The Scientific World Journal, 2015, 6. doi: 10.1155/2015/841039

Myher, S.K., Murphy, J.W., Siyaguna, T., Saxton, B.T., & Rokke, P.D. (2013). Individual differences, attentional contorol and the influence of arousal during positive affect Poster presented at the 25. Annual Cnvention of the Association for Psychological Science. Washington, D.C.

Newman, K., Harrison, L., Dashiff, C., & Davies, S. (2008). Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: An integrative literature review. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 16, 142-150.

Rosen, D., Morse, J.Q., & Reynolds Iii, C.F. (2011). Adapting problem-solving therapy for depressed older adults in methadone maintenance treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40(2), 132-141. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2010.09.003

Schreiber, L.R.N., Grant, J.E., & Odlaug, B.L. (2012). Emotion regulation and impulsivity in young adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(5), 651-658. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.005

Sinha, R. (2007). The role of stress in addiction relapse. Current Psychiatry Reports, 9(5), 388-395. doi: 10.1007/s11920-007-0050-6
Solis, J.M., Shadur, J.M., Burns, A.R., & Hussong, A.M. (2012). Understanding the diverse needs of children whose parents abuse substances. Current drug abuse reviews, 5(2), 135-147.

Trinidad, D.R., & Johnson, C.A. (2002). The association between emotional intelligence and early adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(1), 95-105. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00008-3

Trinidad, D.R., Unger, J.B., Chou, C.-P., & Anderson Johnson, C. (2004). The protective association of emotional intelligence with psychosocial smoking risk factors for adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(4), 945-954. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00163-6

Tyler, K.A., & Melander, L.A. (2012). Poor parenting and antisocial behavior among homeless young adults: Links to dating violence perpetration and victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(7), 1357-1373. doi: 10.1177/0886260511425244

Vidal, S.I., Vandeleur, C., Rothen, S., Gholam-Rezaee, M., Castelao, E., Halfon, O., . . . Preisig, M. (2012). Risk of mental disorders in children of parents with alcohol or heroin dependence: A controlled high-risk study. European Addiction Research, 18(5), 253-264.

Waldrop, A.E., & Resick, P.A. (2004). Coping among adult female victims of domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 19(5), 291-302. doi: 10.1023/B:JOFV.0000042079.91846.68