The Role of Night Sleep on Processing Reconsolidation Based Enhancement and Stabilization in Explicit Motor Memory

Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine role of night sleep and wake on processing reconsolidation based enhancement and stabilization in explicit motor memory. The population of present research was female students in human science fields of Azad University. The statistical sample of this study was 80 right-handed female students. Participation randomly divided into four groups. This research consisted of two phases of acquisition and retention. Alternating serial reaction time task and choosing RT software were used for this research. Results showed that in recall phase, the epoch main effect, group main effect and interactive effect were significant (p<0.05). All groups, in retention test, showed the better performance than acquisition phase. Practice in group with 12h recall + interference after night sleep lead to decrease the reaction time than other groups and this group occurred processing reconsolidation based

Enhancement and stabilization. In group 12h recall with wake only occurred processing reconsolidation based Enhancement and no occur reconsolidation based stabilization (p<0.05). In Our Results indicated that make offline period after sleep of night phase could be facilitated the explicit motor memory reconsolidation.
Keywords

Alberini, C.M. (2005). Mechanisms of memory stabilization: are consolidation and reconsolidation similar or distinct processes? Trends Neuroscience, 28, 51–56.
Alberini, C.M., & Chen, D.Y. (2012). Memory enhancement: consolidation, reconsolidation and insulin-like growth factor 2. Trends in Neurosciences, 35, 71-83.
Anokhin, K.V., Tiunova, A.A., & Rose, S. P. (2002). Reminder effects reconsolidation or retrieval deficit? Pharmacological dissection with protein synthesis inhibitors following reminder for a passive-avoidance task in young chicks. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1759–1765.
4Baddley, A. (1988). When long-term learning depends on short-term storage. Journal of Memory and Language, 27 (5), 586-595.
Biedenkapp, J.C., & Rudy, J.W. (2004). Context memories and reactivation: constraints on the reconsolidation hypothesis. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 956–964.
7Bonnici, HM., Chadwick, MJ., & Maguire, EA. (2013). Representations of recent and remote autobiographical memories in hippocampal subfields. Hippocampus, 23, 849–854.
8Boccia, M.M., Acosta, G.B., Blake, M.G., & Baratti, C.M. (2004). Memory consolidation and reconsolidation of an inhibitory avoidance response in mice: Effects of I.C.V. injections of hemi cholinium. Neuroscience, 124, 735–741.
9Brawn, T.P., Fenn, K.M., Nusbaum, H.C., & Margoliash, D. (2010). Consolidating the effects of waking and sleep on motor-sequence learning. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(42),13977–13982.
10Cammarota, M., Bevilaqua, L.R., Medina, J.H., & Izquierdo, I. (2004). Retrieval does not induce reconsolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory. Learning and Memory, 11, 572–578.
11Chow, H.M., Horovitz, S. J., Carr, W. S., Picchioni, D., Coddington, N., Fukunaga, M., & et al.(2013). Rhythmic alternating patterns of brain activity distinguish rapid eye movement sleep from other states of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (25), 10300–10305.
12Debiec, J., Doyere, V., Nader, K., & Le Doux, J. E. (2006). Directly reactivated, but not indirectly reactivated, memories undergo reconsolidation in the amygdala. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 3428–3433.
13Donchin, O., Sawaki, L., Madupu, G., Cohen, L.G., & Shadmehr, R. (2002). Mechanisms influencing acquisition and recall of motor memories. Journal Of Neurophysiology, 88(4): 2114-23.
14Dresler, M., Spoormaker, V. I., Beitinger, P., Czisch, M., Kimura, M., Steiger A., & Holsboer, F. (2014). Neuroscience-driven discovery development of sleep therapeutics. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 141(3), 300-314.
15Duvarci, S., Mamou, C. B., & Nader, K. (2006). Extinction is not a sufficient condition to prevent fear memories from undergoing reconsolidation in the basolateral amygdala. European Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 249–260.
16Gabb, N., Paetzold, M., Becker, M., Walker, M.P., Schlaug, G. (2008). Stimulus sleep on auditory learning: a behavioral study. Neuroreport, 15, 731–734.
17Finn, B., & Roediger, H.L. (2011). Enhancing retention through reconsolidation negative emotional arousal following retrieval enhances later recall. Psychological Science, 22, 781-786.
18Fischer, S., Hallschmid, M., Elsner, A.L., & Born, J. (2002). Sleep forms memory for finger skills. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(18), 11987-91.
19Forcato, C., Rodriguez, M.L., & Pedreira, M.E. (2011). Repeated labialization reconsolidation processes strengthen declarative memory in humans. Plos One, 6, 23-35.
20Foster, J.K., Lidder, P.G., & Sünram, S.I. (1998). Glucose and memory: fractionation of enhancement effects. Psychopharmacology, 137, 259–270
21Hupbach, A., Gomez, R., Hardt, O., & Nadel, L. (2011). Reconsolidation of episodic memories: a subtle reminder triggers integration of new information. Learning & Memory, 14, 47–53.
22Lee, J.L. (2009). Reconsolidation: maintaining memory relevance. Trends Neurosis, 32, 413–420.
23Lemieux, S.T., & Penhune, V.B. (2005). The effects of practice and delay on motor skill learning and retention. Experimental Brain Research, 161(4), 423-31.
24Lewis, Pa., Cairney, S., Manning, L., & Critchley, H.D. (2011) The impact of overnight consolidation upon memory for emotional and neutral encoding contexts. Neuropsychology, 49, 2619–2629.
25Genzel, L., Kroes, C.W., Dresler, M., & Battaglia, FP. (2014). Light sleep versus slow wave sleep in memory consolidation: a question of global versus local processes?. Trends in Neurosciences, 37, 10-19.
26Marr, D. (1971). Simple memory: a theory for archicortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 262(841), 23–81.
27Mckenzie, S., Eichenbaum, H. (2011). Consolidation and reconsolidation: two lives of memories? Neuron, 71, 221-233.
28Mednick, S.C., Nakayama, K., Cantero, J.L., Atienza, M., Levin, A.A., Pathak, N., & Stickgold, R. (2002). The restorative effect of naps on perceptual deterioration. Nature Neuroscience, 5(7), 677-81.
29Mednick, S.C., Nakayama, K., & Stickgold, R. (2003). Sleep-dependent learning: a nap is as good as a night. Nature Neuroscience, 6(7), 697-8.
30Monfils, M. H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E., & Ledoux, J. E. (2009). Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science, 324, 951–955.
31Nader, K., & Einarsson, E. O. (2010). Memory reconsolidation: An update. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences, 1191, 27–41.
32Nader, K., & Hardt, O. (2009). A single standard for memory: The case for reconsolidation. Nature Review Neuroscience, 10, 224–234.
33Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & Le Doux, J. E. (2000a). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdale for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406, 22–726.
34Nemeth, D., & Janacsek, K. (2010). The dynamics of implicit skill consolidation in young and elderly adults. Journal Of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 66, 15-22.
35Nemeth, D., Janacsek, K., Londe, Z., Ullman, M. T., Howard, & Song, S. (2009). Consciousness and the consolidation of motor learning. Behavioral Brain Research, 196, 180–186.
36Nemeth, D., Janacsek, K., Londe, Z., Ullman, M.T, Howard, D., & Howard, J. (2011). Sleep has no critical role in implicit motor se‌quence learning in young and old adults. Experimental Brain Re‌search, 201, 351–358.
37Rasch, B., Buchel, C., Gais, S., & Born, J. (2007). Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation. Science, 315, 1426–1440.
38Robertson, E.M., Pascual-Leone, A., & Press, D.Z. (2004). awareness modifies the skill-learning benefits of sleep. Current Biology, 14(3), 208-212.
Romano, J. C., Howard, J. H., & Howard, D. V. (2012). Enhanced implicit sequence learning in college‐age video game players and musicians. Applied Cognition Psychology, 26, 91–96.
Shamsipoor Dehkordi, P. (2014). Effect of immediate, recent and remote explicit motor memory on reconsolidation process and retrograde effect. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2 (3), 37-48. [Persian]
Shi, H,. Luo, Y., & Xue, Y. (2011). Effects of sleep deprivation on retrieval and reconsolidation of morphine reward memory in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 98, 299-303.
Simmons, A.L. (2012). Distributed practice and procedural memory consolidation in musicians’ skill learning. Journal Of Research In Music Education, 59, 357–368.
Song, S., Howard, J. H., & Howard, D. V. (2007). Sleep does not benefit probabilistic motor sequence learning. Neuroscience, 27, 83–75.
Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. (2005). Memory consolidation and reconsolidation: what is the role of sleep? Trends In Neurosciences, 28 (8), 408-416.
Stickgold, R,. & Walker, M. (2007). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Sleep Medicine, 8(4), 331–343.
Vertes, R.P. (1986). A life- sustaining function for REM sleep: a theory. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 10(4), 371-6.
Walker, M.P., Brakefield, T., Hobson, J.A., & Stickgold, R. (2003a). Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature, 425, 616-20.
Walker, M.P., Brakefield, T., Seidman, J., Morgan, A., Hobson, J.A., & Stickgold, R. (2003b). Sleep and the time course of motor skill learning. Learning and Memory, 10(4), 275-84.
Walker, M.P. (2005). A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation. Behavioral And Brain Sciences, 28(1), 1-64.
Zhang, W., & Luck, S. J. (2009). Sudden death and gradual decay in Visual working memory. Psychological Science, 20, 428-423.