The role of interpersonal communication skills, personality traits and family cohesion with the mediating role of loneliness in the psychological problems of the physically disabled during social distance which caused by corona

Authors
Tahere Elahi
Afagh Zolfaghari
University of Zanjan
Abstract
The presentstudy was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of interpersonal communication skills, personalitytraits and family cohesion with the mediating role of loneliness in the psychological problems of the physical disabled during social distancing. This correlational study byconvenience sampling method was done on 133of Physical disabled in Tehran in2020. For collecting data, the Anxiety, Stress, and Depression Scale(DASS-21), theMatson InterpersonalCommunication Skills Scale, the Samani Family Cohesion Scale (2002), the Neo Personality Traits, and the Russell Loneliness Scale were used. Pearson correlation coefficients betweenfamily cohesion and interpersonal communication skills with anxiety, stress and depression and between neuroticism with anxiety,Loneliness with stress, interpersonal communication skills and family cohesion were significant. The results of Multivariate regression analysis in hierarchical method showed that all of variablesinterpersonal communication skills, family cohesion,Personality Traits and loneliness accounted for61% of the variance in the psychological problems of the physically disabled. The mediating role of loneliness with R3% was significant. interpersonal communication skills and neuroticism with beta coefficient -0.69and0.113 acordingly were significsnt predictors of psychologicsl problems, too. According to these results, Lack of interpersonal communication skills and tendency to experience negative emotions mediated by loneliness has been an important factor in aggravating the psychological problems of physicaldisabled.
Keywords
Corona Virus
physical disability
psychological problems
interpersonal relationships
loneliness
1. World Health Organization. 10 Facts on disability. 2018. https://www.who.int/newsroom/facts-in-pictures/detail/disabilities.
2. Lebrasseur A, Fortin B, edard N, Lettre J, Bussières EL, Best K, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on people with physical disabilities: A rapid review. AAHD. 2021; 14(1), 101014.
3. World Health Organization, Coronavirus disease. (COVID-19) situation report–34. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2020. https://www. who, int /docs/default-source/ coronaviruse /situation-reports/20200223-sitrep-34-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn= 44ff8fd3_ 2pdf icon.
4. Davarmnesh A, Barati Sade F. Introduction to rehabilitation of the disabled, Tehran: Growth. 2007; 19-48. [Persian]
5. Villalobos A, De Castro F, Rojas R, Allen-Leigh B, Hubert C, Avendaño-Badillo D, Lazcano-Ponce E. Child labor and severe functioning difficulties and disability in Mexican children and adolescents 5-17 years of age.Salud Pública de México. 2017; 59(4, jul-ago), 380.
6. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention external icon. JAMA Internal Medicin. 2020; 323(13), 1239-1242.
7. Valero-Moreno S, Lacomba-Trejo L, Casaña-Granell S. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire on threat perception of chronic illnesses in pediatric patients, Revista, Latino-americana de Enfermagem. 2020; 28, 3144-3242.
8. Jonasdottir SK, Polgar JM. Services, systems, and policies affecting mobilitydevice users’ community mobility: a scoping review. CJOT. 2018; 85(2), 106-116.
9. Bezyak JL, Sabella S, Hammel J, McDonald K, Jones RA, Barton D. Communityparticipation and public transportation barriers experienced by people withdisabilities. J Desabil Rehabilit. 2019; 1, e9.
10. Gudlavalleti MV, John N, Allagh K, Sagar J, Kamalakannan S, Ramachandra SS. Access to health care and employment status of people with disabilities inSouth India, the SIDE (South India Disability Evidence) study. BMC Public Health. 2020; 14, 1125.
11. World Health Organization. Disability considerations during the COVID-19outbreak. 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1277373/retrieve.
12. Galea S, Merchant RM, Lurie N. The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: the need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicin. 2020; 10, 1001-1562.
13. Honari N, Pourabolli I, Hakimizadeh E, et al. Effect of vitex agnus castus extraction on anxiety-like behaviors in ovariectomized rats, J of Babol Medical University. 2012; 14(5):29-35. [Persian]
14. Seifsafari S, Firoozabadi A, Ghanizadeh A, Salehi A. A symptom profile analysis of depression in a sample of Iranian patients, Iran Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013; 38:22-29. [Persian]
15. Nakata A. Psychosocial job stress and immunity: a systematic review. Methods Mol Biol. 2012; 934:39-75.
16. Khodadadi M, Doltyarbastany R. Editors: Job stress prevention and coping. Tehran: Modaber Publication.2007. [Persian]
17. Karimi Dermani HR. Specific groups with an emphasis on social rehabilitation services, Tehran: Growth.2012; 45-56. [Persian]
18. Deschênes SS, Burns RJ, Schmitz N. Associations between depression, chronicphysical health conditions, and disability in a community sample: a focus on thepersistence of depression. JAD. 2015; 179, 6–13.
19. Kostev K, Teichgräber F, Konrad M, Jacob L. Association between chronicsomatic conditions and depression in children and adolescents: a retrospective studyof 13,326 patients. JAD. 2019; 245, 697–701.
20. Leandro PG, Castillo MD. Coping with stress and its relationship with personality dimensions, anxiety, and depression. J Procedia-Soc Behav Sci. 2010; 5, 1562-1573.
21. McCrae RR, Costa Jr.PT. A five-factor theory of personality. In: John OP, Robins RW, Pervin LA, editors. Handbook of personality. Theory and research, New York: Guilford Press. 1999.
22. Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity ofcoronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, anddeath anxiety. JAD, 74, 102268.
23. Kotov R, Gamez W, Schmidt F, Watson D. Linking “Big” personality traits toanxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psycho.Bull. 2010; 136(5), 768–821.
24. Strickhouser JE, Zell E, Krizan Z. Does personality predict health and wellbeing?A metasynthesis. Health Psychol. 2017; 36(8), 797-810.
25. Quilty L C, Pelletier M, Deyoung C. G, Bagby R M. Hierarchical personalitytraits and the distinction between unipolar and bipolar disorders. JAD. 2013; 147 (1–3), 247–254.
26. Nikčević A V, Spada M M. The COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale:Development and psychometric properties. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 292, 113322.
27. Keyton J, Caput, J M, Ford E A, Fu R, Leibowitz SA, Liu T, Wu C. Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors. Int.J.Bus.commun. 2013; 50(1), 152–169.
28. Markey P, Markey C, Nave C, August K. Interpersonal problems and relationship quality: An examination of gay and lesbian romantic couples. J Res Per. 2014; 51(4), 1-8.
29. McKay M, Lev A, Skeen M. Acceptance and commitment therapy for interpersonal problems: Using mindfulness, acceptance, and schema awareness to change interpersonal behaviors. New Harbinger Publications. 2012.
30. Joseph S. What Doesn’t Kill Us: The New Psychology of Posttraumatic Growth, Philadephia: Basic Books. 2013.
31. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely P, Greenberg PN, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395(10227), 912–20.
32. Goodwin R, Hou WK, Sun SH, Ben-Ezra M. Quarantine, distress and interpersonal relationships during COVID-19. General Psychiatry. 2020; 33(6), 100-385.
33. Nazir S, Sidra S, Malik MS, Falak S, Zarqa A, Muhammad Rizwan S. Parental Conflict And Its Effects On Youth Self Esteem (A Study At University Of Punjab). J Asian Soc Sci. 2012; 9, 1392-1400.
34. Olson D H. Circumplex model of marital and family systems. J Fam Ther. 2015; 22(2), 144-167.
35. Beharzusman V, Chavez V, Gattamorta J. Developing the measure of the impact of Covid-19 social distancing on household conflict and cohesion. Fam Process. 2020; 59(3), 1045–1059.
36. Gard A.M, McLoyd V C, Mitchell C, Hyde LW. Evaluation of a longitudinal family stress model in a population-based cohort. Soc Dev. 2020; 29(4), 1–21.
37. De Jong-Gierveld J, Van Tilburg T, Friedman H. Social isolation and loneliness. Encyclopedia of Mental Health. 2016; 4(2), 175-178.
38. Santini Z, Fiori K, Feeney J, Tyrovolas S, Haro J, Koyanagi A. Social relationships,loneliness, and mental health among older men and women in Ireland: A prospectivecommunity-based study. J affect disord. 2016; 204, 59-69.
39. Hawkley L, Thisted R, Masi C, Cacioppo J. Loneliness predicts increased bloodpressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychol aging. 2016; 25(1), 132-141.
40. Holwerda T, Deeg D, Beekman A, van Tilburg Stek M, Jonker C, Schoevers, R. Feelingsof loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: results from the AmsterdamStudy of the Elderly (AMSTEL). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85(2), 135-142.
41. Krahn G, Walke DK, Correa-De-Araujo R. Persons with disabilities as an unrecognizedhealth disparity population. Ame J Public Health Association. 2015; 105(2), 198-206.
42. Mithen J, Aitken Z, Ziersch A, Kavanagh AM. Inequalities in social capital andhealth between people with and without disabilities. Soc Sci Med. 2015; 126, 26-35.
43. Macdonald SJ, Deacon L, Nixon J, Akintola A, Gillingham A, Kent J, et al. The invisible enemy: disability, lonelinessand isolation. Disabil Soc. 2018; 33(7), 1138-1159.
44. Leigh-Hunt N, Bagguley D, Bash K, Turner V, Turnbull S, Valtorta N, Caan W. An overview of systematic reviews on the publichealth consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health. 2017; 152(7), 157–171.
45. Saltzman LY, Hansel TC, Bordnick, PS. Loneliness, Isolation, and Social Support Factors in Post-COVID-19 Mental Health. Psychol Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2020; 12(1), 55–57.
46. Lovibond P F, Lovibond S H. The Structure of Negative Emotional States: Comparison of Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Thearpy. 1995; 33, 335- 343.
47. Sahebi A, Asghari MJ, Salari RS. Validation of depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) for an Iranian population (Persian). Iranian Psychologists. 2005; 4(1):299-313. [Persian]
48. Russell DW. UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure, Journal of Personality Assessment. 1996; 66:20-40.
49. Hojjati H, Koochaki G, Sanagoo A. The relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction of the elderly in Gorgan and Gonbad cities, Journal of Research Development in Nursing & Midwifery. 2012; 9(1):61-68. [Persian]
50. Samani S. Investigating the causal model of family cohesion, emotional independence and adjustment Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University. 2002. [Persian]
51. Attari Y, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Aman elahi A, Nekoi S. Investigating the relationship between personality traits and marital satisfaction in female employees of Ahvaz city government office, Abstracts of the Second National Congress of Family Pathology in Iran, Shahid Beheshti University. 2006. [Persian]
52. Yousefi F, Khayyer M. Assessing the reliability and validity of the Matson Social Skills Scale and comparing the performance of high school girls and boys in this scale, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Shiraz University. 2002; 18 (2), 147- 158. [Persian]
53. Monajemizade A. Investigating the Relationship between Interpersonal Communication Skills and Social Acceptance of Students of Payame Noor University of Khorasgan, Bachelor Thesis, Department of Social Sciences. 2012. [Persian]
54. Pourahmadi E, Jalali M, Jalil B, Pakdaman SH. Effect of teaching life skills on improving, social skills and behavior problems in the boys with coping behavior and disregard disorder, Achievements of psychology (Educational Science and psychology). 2010; 4(1):67-86. [Persian]
55. Kapp-Simon KA, McGuire DE, Long BC, Simon DJ. Addressing quality of life issues in adolescents: social skills interventions. The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal. 2005; 42(1): 45-50.
56. Kingsnorth S, Healy H, Macarthur C. Preparing for adulthood: a systematic review of life skill programs for youth with physical disabilities. J Adolescent Health. 2007; 41(4):323-32.
57. Sarafino EP, Smith TW. Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions: John Wiley & Sons; 2014.
58. Rahmatinejad P, Yazdi M, Khosravi Z, Shahisadrabadi F. Lived Experience of Patients with Coronavirus (Covid-19): A Phenomenological Study. RPH. 2020; 14 (1): 71-86. [Persian]
59. Yeh Z-T, Huang Y-h, Liu S-I. Maternal Depression and Adolescent Emotions: The Role of Family Functioning. J Child Fam Stud. 2016; 25(7): 2189-200.
60. Daches S, Vine V, Layendecker KM, George CJ, Kovacs M. Family functioning as perceived by parents and young offspring at high and low risk for depression. J Affect Disord. 2018; 226:355-60.
61. Payravi H, Hajebi A, Panaghi L. Studying the relationship between social supportand mental health among Tehran university students. Health Syst Res. 2010; 6(2):75-82.[Persian]
62. Ghaffari f, Rafiei H, Sanaei B. [Effectiveness of Family Training by using boen systemy Theory on Differentiation and Families function with children addicted]. Iranian J Fam Res. 2010; 6(22): 227-39.[Persian]
63. Feist J, Feist GJ.Theories of Personslity (10th ed.). Seyed Mohammadi Y. (persian translator). Tehran: Ravan. 2014.
64. Gholipour Z, Marashi S, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Arshadi N. Resilience as a mediator between Big Five-Factor personality trait and happiness. Educational Psychology. 2016; 12(39), 135 -155.[Persian]
65. Halgin RP, Whitbourne SK. Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychologocal Disorders (Vol 1). Seyed Mohammadi Y. (persian translator). Tehran: Ravan. 2016.