اثربخشی برنامه تعامل مادر با کودک بر تنیدگی فرزندپروری و رابطه والدین با کودک دارای آسیب شنوایی

نویسندگان
مرضیه پاغنده
سعید حسن زاده
سوگند قاسم زاده
دانشگاه تهران
10.52547/rph.13.1.99
چکیده
چکیده

آسیب شنوایی یکی از پیچیده‌ترین آسیب‌های حسی است که بر تنیدگی فرزندپروری و تعامل والد-کودک تأثیر دارد. برنامه تعامل والد-کودک برگرفته از نظریه درمان مبتنی بر تعامل والد-کودک است که شیلا آیبرگ براساس نظریه‌ی رفتار کنشگر، روان‌درمانی سنتی کودک و رشد نخستین کودک تدوین کرده است. این برنامه هم از نظریه‌ی دلبستگی و هم از نظریه‌ی یادگیری اجتماعی به منظور دستیابی به شیوه‌ی فرزندپروری مقتدرانه بهره جسته است. از این رو به نظر می‌رسد تعامل والد-کودک برای آموزش نحوه تعامل صحیح با کودک و کاهش تنیدگی فرزندپروری؛ بالاخص برای گروه آسیب‌دیده شنوایی که دارای والدینی شنوا هستند، مؤثر است. والدینی که دارای فرزندی با آسیب‌شنوایی هستند، ارزیابی شناختی منفی از توانمندی‌های خود به عنوان والد دارند از این رو باعث کاهش سلامت روانی و بهزیستی والدین می‌شوند. مطالعه حاضر، با هدف بررسی اثربخشی برنامه آموزش تعامل مادر-کودک برای مادران دارای کودک با آسیب‌شنوایی بر کاهش تنیدگی فرزندپروری و رابطه والدین با کودک انجام شده است. پژوهش حاضر، از نوع نیمه‌آزمایشی بود و در آن از طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون و مرحله پیگیری با گروه کنترل استفاده شد. نمونه شامل 30 کودک دارای آسیب‌شنوایی پیش‌دبستانی و والدین‌شان بودند که به صورت هدفمند انتخاب و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل قرار گرفتند. برنامه تعامل والد-کودک توسط پژوهشگر تدوین و طراحی گردید. این برنامه شامل تهیه نیازسنجی و تدوین یک سری مؤلفه‌های برنامه آموزش والدین (مهارت‌‌های تعامل کودک‌مدار و مهارت‌های والدگری) بود. مهارت‌های تعامل کودک‌مدار شامل جایزه دادن، تقلید، بازتاب، توصیف، اشتیاق و جلب توجه و تمرکز مدنظر قرار گرفت، و سپس مهارت‌های والدگری شامل صدور فرامین خوب، تشویق فرمان‌برداری، محروم‌سازی با روی صندلی قرار گرفتن به خاطر نافرمانی و ایجاد قوانین معتبر در خانه تنظیم گردید. سپس آزمودنی‌های گروه آزمایش برنامه تعامل والد-کودک را در قالب ‌12 جلسه دو ساعته در طی یک ماه دریافت کردند. برای بررسی تعامل والد-کودک و تنیدگی فرزندپروری از مقیاس رابطه‌ی والد-کودک و مقیاس تنیدگی والدگری استفاده شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که میانگین نمرات در تعامل والد-کودک و تنیدگی فرزندپروری در پدران اثرگذار بوده؛ ولی در مادران، در مقایسه با گروه کنترل در پس‌آزمون در مقایسه با پیش‌آزمون افزایش بیشتری یافته است. نتایج این پژوهش اهمیت مشارکت والدین در برنامه آموزشی تعامل والد-کودک به عنوان والد-درمانگر را نشان می‌دهد. یافته‌ها همچنین اثربخشی برنامه تعامل والد-کودک بر بهبود رابطه بین والدین با کودک دارای آسیب شنوایی را نیز نشان می‌دهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
تعامل والد با کودک
آسیب شنوایی
تنیدگی فرزندپروری
رابطه والد- کودک

عنوان مقاله English

Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Program on Parenting Stress and Parent-Hearing Impaired Child Relationship

نویسندگان English

Marzieh Paghandeh
Saeid Hassanzadeh
Sogand Ghasemzadeh
University of Tehran
چکیده English

Hearing Impairment is one of the most complicated sensory impairments that has an effect on parenting stress and parent-child interaction. Parent-child interaction program taken from parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) theory which was developed by Sheila Eyberg resulted from her wide background on actor theory, traditional child psychotherapy and the first child development. In fact this program has used both attachment theory and social learning theory to gain access to ways of powerful parenting. So parent-child interaction is effective for a correct performance with the child and reduction of parenting stress especially for those who are hearing-impair and have parents who are not. Parents who have a child who is hearing-impaired have a negative cognitive evaluation of their abilities as parents so causing a reduction in mental health and well-being of parents. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of educational program of parent-child interaction for mothers who have a hearing-impaired child on reduction of parenting stress and relationship of parents with the child. The present study was of semi-experimental kind and used pre-test and post-test model and a follow-up step with control group. Sample included 30 preschool children with hearing impairment and their parents were purposefully selected and randomly put in two groups of experimental and control. Then before performing, parent-child interaction program was designed and edited by the researcher. This program included providing need assessment form and defining parent education parameters. In child directed interaction (CDI), reward, mimicry, reflection, description, enthusiasm, getting attention and in parent directed interaction (PDI) issuing good orders, encouraging discipline, punishing by standing on the chair because of disobedience and making authentic rules at home were considered. Subjects of experimental group received parent-child interaction program in 12 sessions during one month. To study parent-child interaction and parenting stress, parent-child relationship scale and parent stress scale were used. The findings showed mean of scores in parent-child interaction and parenting stress has been effective in father; but it increased more in control group in post-test in comparison with pre-test in mother. The results of the study showed the importance of parents' cooperation in parent-child interaction. It seems effectiveness of parent-child interaction program showed on improving the relationship of parents with child having a hearing impairment.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

mother-child interaction
Hearing impairment
Parenting stress
Parent-Child Relationship
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